Akwai manyan nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya guda uku: gajere, dogon lokaci, da azanci. Kowane nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana aiki da manufa daban-daban, kuma yana da mahimmanci don dalilai daban-daban. Bari mu bincika kowane nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daki-daki, kuma mu bayyana yadda suke aiki. Za mu kuma yi magana game da mahimmancin kowane nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kuma mu ba da misalai don taimakawa wajen kwatanta yadda ake amfani da su.

Menene nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban-daban?

Sirrin zuwa mutum Har yanzu ana nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kuma har yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa da ba mu sani ba. Koyaya, an gano wasu abubuwa game da yadda ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ke aiki.

Daya abu mai mahimmanci don fahimta game da ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam shine cewa ba abu ɗaya ba ne kawai. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta ƙunshi sassa daban-daban, kowannensu yana da aikin kansa na musamman. Waɗannan sassan sun haɗa da hippocampus, cerebellum, da cortex.

Masu bincike suna sane da tunanin ɗan adam da tsarin sa amma har yanzu ba a san yadda ake adana bayanan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da tunowa a cikin kwakwalwa ba. A cikin wannan labarin mun bincika nau'ikan fahimta daban-daban da dabaru don hasashen yadda za mu iya taswira tsarin kwakwalwa don ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Yawancin mutane sun yi imani da kasancewar wasu nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yayin da wasu ke hasashe cewa ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci kawai da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo.

Bari mu ɗauki ɗan lokaci don bincika plethora na tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya An gano kamar na 2022: ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, ƙwaƙwalwar hoto, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ƙwaƙwalwar tsari, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar echoic, ƙwaƙwalwar firamare da sakandare, ƙwaƙwalwar episodic, ƙwaƙwalwar sarari na gani, ƙwaƙwalwar echoic, ƙwaƙwalwar sani, ƙwaƙwalwa mara hankali, ƙwaƙwalwar nasiha, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, ƙwaƙwalwar haptic, Ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci, ƙwaƙwalwar haɗin gwiwa, ƙwaƙwalwar wucin gadi, ƙwaƙwalwar sanarwa, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ƙwaƙwalwar gani, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar eidetic, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, Pavlovian classical conditioning, Konrad Lorentz imprinting, operant conditioning (injunan ramukan BF Skinner), kyama. (Garcia).

Akwai rikice-rikice masu cin karo da juna a ko'ina cikin fagen binciken ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya akan tsari da tsari na waɗannan nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don haka zan lissafta su a nan ta hanyar da ta dace. A halin yanzu in-yaki a cikin bincike ya je ya nuna sararin hadaddun na kwakwalwa na mutum, daya daga cikin mafi kyawun iyakokin da ba a gano ba.

Matakan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya: Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Lokaci da Dogon Lokaci

Wata hanyar fahimtar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya shine ta hanyar fahimtar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokacin da aka tuna da shi. Wannan kusanci yana nuna cewa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa bayani yana farawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma yana ƙarewa cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo.

Shin ɗan gajeren lokaci ne kawai inda ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ke tafiya daga ɗan gajeren lokaci zuwa ajiya na dogon lokaci? Tunawa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana da ban sha'awa da gaske lokacin da kake nemo tsarin da ke sarrafa shi a cikin harba biliyoyin neurons a cikin kwakwalwarmu..

Amma ba duk bayanai ba ne ke wucewa ta hanyar sarrafa bayanai da tsarin tunani zuwa mataki na ƙarshe, sauran an bar su su shuɗe azaman abubuwan tunawa na ɗan lokaci. Yadda ake sarrafa bayanan an ƙaddara ta hanyar hanyar samun damar bayanai a cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na farko, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci, ita ce ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da muke amfani da ita don adana bayanai na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Wannan bayanin na iya zama komai daga lambar waya zuwa cikakkun bayanai na tattaunawa. Yawancin bayanai a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar farko suna ɓacewa cikin mintuna ko sa'o'i, kodayake ana iya riƙe wasu bayanai har zuwa kwana ɗaya.

Ƙwaƙwalwar sakandare, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci, ita ce ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da muke amfani da ita don adana bayanai na dogon lokaci. Wannan bayanin na iya zama wani abu daga sunan dabbar mu na farko zuwa ranar da aka haife mu. Mafi yawan bayanai a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar na biyu ana kiyaye su har abada.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na uku wani nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ne da aka tsara wanda ake tunanin zai fi tsayi fiye da ƙwaƙwalwar sakandare. An ba da shawarar cewa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na manyan makarantu na iya zama alhakin wasu nau'ikan ilimi kamar ilimin ilimin orsemantic. Koyaya, a halin yanzu babu wata shaidar kimiyya da zata goyi bayan ƙwaƙwalwar manyan makarantu.

Tunanin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar manyan makarantu yana da ban sha'awa, nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar da aka tsara wanda ake tunanin ya fi tsayi fiye da ƙwaƙwalwar sakandare. Duk da haka, wasu masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar manyan makarantu na iya zama alhakin wasu nau'o'in ilimi, kamar ilimi game da ra'ayoyin ma'anar.

Ilimin ilimin harshe yana nufin fahimtar ma'ana da amfani da kalmomi, kuma ana tunanin ana adana shi a cikin kwakwalwa a wani wuri dabam daga abubuwan tunawa.

Nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya: Ƙara koyo game da nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban-daban

Tunawa na iya bambanta sosai. Akwai abubuwa da yawa da masana kimiyya ba su fahimta ba game da sanin mutum. Bari mu bincika kowane nau'in tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam kuma muyi ƙoƙarin samun kyakkyawar fahimtar yadda namu aikin kwakwalwa.

Memorywaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci

Yawancin bayanan da ke shiga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwa ana mantawa da su, amma bayanan da muka mayar da hankali a kai, tare da manufar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, na iya wucewa zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ɗan gajeren lokaci. Yi la'akari da dubban tallace-tallace, mutane, da al'amuran da ake fallasa ku ga yau da kullun, bayanansa sun yi yawa da yawa don riƙewa. Memormancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci - Memory ko gajeriyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya - ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda za'a iya riƙe ƙananan bayanai don seconds da yawa ko ƙasa da haka.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci baya adana bayanai har abada, kuma za'a iya sarrafa su kawai kuma hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don fahimta, gyara, fassara da adana bayanai a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (SM) ana kiran su ƙwaƙwalwar aiki.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci da ƙwaƙwalwar aiki

Short-lokaci da kuma aiki ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana musanya ta hanyoyi da yawa kuma duka biyun suna magana ne kawai ga adana bayanai na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Duk da haka, aiki Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta bambanta a yanayinta daga ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin cewa ƙwaƙwalwar aiki yana buƙatar adana bayanai na ɗan lokaci wanda ya kasance a hankali. gyaggyara

A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci ana amfani da suna ko gano ƙididdiga don aiwatar da takamaiman adadin bayanai ko wasu bayanai da sane da riƙe su. Ana adana fayil ɗin azaman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci ko kuma ana iya goge shi kawai.

Memorywaƙwalwar Episodic

Tunanin mutum game da wani lamari ("al'amari" da mutum ya fuskanta) a lokacin rayuwarsa abin tunawa ne. Yana kawo hankali ga cikakkun bayanai daga yadda kuka ci zuwa motsin zuciyar da kuke ji yayin magana game da alaƙar ku.

Tunanin da ke fitowa daga abubuwan tunawa na zamani na iya zama kwanan nan, shekaru da yawa. Wani ra'ayi makamancin haka shine ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar rayuwa, wanda shine ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar bayanan da ke cikin tarihin rayuwar mutane.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci yana da maɓalli guda uku:

1. Ikon adana bayanai na ɗan gajeren lokaci.
2. Ikon aiwatar da bayanan da aka samu a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
3. Ikon canza bayanai a hankali kafin adana shi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar aiki.

Wasu masu bincike suna jayayya cewa akwai nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci guda biyu: a. Nau'in farko ana kiransa firamare ko aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda ke nufin bayanan da muke halarta da kuma sarrafa su a kowane lokaci.

Wannan irin waƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci yana da iyakataccen iya aiki (yawanci kusan abubuwa bakwai) da ɗan gajeren lokaci (yan daƙiƙa kaɗan). b. Nau'i na biyu kuma ana kiransa secondary ko passive short-term memory, wanda ke nufin bayanan da bamu sani ba amma har yanzu ana iya dawo da su daga ma'adanar ajiyar mu. Wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ɗan gajeren lokaci yana da girma fiye da ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci na farko amma ɗan gajeren lokaci (daƙiƙa da yawa zuwa minti ɗaya).

Priming shine tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a fakaice wanda bayyanuwa ga abin da zai iya haifar da martani ga wani abin ƙarfafawa daga baya. A wasu kalmomi, priming hanya ce ta kunna wasu memories ba tare da an gwada sani ba yin haka.

Akwai nau'ikan priming iri biyu:

a. azancike priming, wanda ke faruwa a lokacin da gabatar da wani abin motsa jiki ya shafi sarrafa wani abin motsa jiki wanda aka gabatar da shi nan da nan a cikin irin wannan yanayin (misali, ganin kalma a kan allo yana rinjayar saurin da za a iya karanta kalmar da murya).

b. matakin ilimin harshe, wanda ke faruwa a lokacin da gabatar da wani abin motsa jiki ya shafi sarrafa wani abin motsa jiki wanda aka gabatar da shi nan da nan ta hanyar wani nau'i na daban (misali, jin kalma yana rinjayar saurin da za a iya gane kalmar a gani).

Ƙwaƙwalwar Hotuna

Akwai nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aka sani da ƙwaƙwalwar hoto, ko ƙwaƙwalwar eidetic, wanda shine ikon tunawa da hotuna tare da haske mai girma. Wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba kasafai ba ne, yana faruwa a cikin kusan 2-3% na yawan jama'a.

Masana kimiyya sun dade suna sha'awar daukar hoto ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kuma sun yi nazari sosai a cikin bege na fahimtar yadda yake aiki da yadda ake maimaita shi. Har yanzu akwai tambayoyi da yawa game da ƙwaƙwalwar daukar hoto da ba a amsa ba, amma masu bincike suna samun ci gaba wajen fahimtar wannan ƙwarewa ta musamman.

Masu bincike masu nazarin hoto ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya sun gano cewa fasaha ce da za a iya koyo kuma ya inganta. Duk da haka, ba duk wanda ke da ƙwaƙwalwar hoto yana iya amfani da shi yadda ya kamata. Wasu mutane suna da wuyar tunawa da abin da suke gani, yayin da wasu suna iya tunawa da hotuna tare da tsabta.

Masu bincike har yanzu suna ƙoƙarin fahimtar abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙwaƙwalwar hoto da yadda yake aiki. Suna binciko hanyoyi daban-daban don inganta wannan fasaha kuma suna fatan cewa wata rana za su iya tona duk asirinta.

Echoic Memory

Ƙwaƙwalwar echoic wani ɗan gajeren lokaci ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda ke adana bayanan ji na ɗan lokaci. Wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar yana da matukar amfani don tunawa da lambobin waya, misali, saboda ana iya maimaita lambar da babbar murya don adana ta a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar echoic. Ana yawan tunawa da bayanan da aka adana a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar echoic na ƴan daƙiƙa, amma wani lokacin har zuwa minti ɗaya.

Masanin ilimin halin dan Adam na Amurka Ulric Neisser ne ya fara nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta Echoic, wanda ya buga sakamakon bincikensa a cikin takarda mai zurfi game da batun a cikin 1967. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gudanar da bincike da yawa akan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da ta. rawar a cikin fahimtar ɗan adam.

An yi imanin cewa an adana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar echoic a cikin ƙwayar murya, wanda ke cikin lobe na lokaci na kwakwalwa. Wannan yanki na kwakwalwa yana da alhakin sarrafa bayanan ji.

Akwai nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar echoic iri biyu:

a. ƙwaƙwalwar gaggawa, wanda ke ɗaukar ɗan daƙiƙa kaɗan kuma yana ba mu damar riƙe bayanai dadewa don sarrafa su

b. jinkirta ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda zai iya wucewa har zuwa minti daya kuma yana ba mu damar tunawa da bayanai ko da bayan ainihin abin ƙarfafawa ya ƙare.

Ƙwaƙwalwar echoic yana da mahimmanci ga yawancin ayyuka na yau da kullum, kamar sauraron tattaunawa da tunawa da abin da aka faɗa. Hakanan yana taka rawa wajen koyon harshe kuma yana taimaka mana mu sarrafa sautin magana.

Har yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa da ba mu yi ba sani game da echoic memory, amma bincike kan wannan batu yana ci gaba kuma yana da damar samar da haske game da yadda fahimtar ɗan adam ke aiki.

Ƙwaƙwalwar Hannu

Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ita ce ikon tuna bayanan da kuke sane da su a wani takamaiman lokaci na lokaci. Wannan nau’in ma’adana ya bambanta da na ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda ke nufin bayanan da kuke sarrafawa a halin yanzu, da kuma dogon lokaci, wanda ke nufin bayanan da kuka adana na dogon lokaci.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar aiki, wanda shine tsarin fahimi wanda ke ba mu damar adanawa da sarrafa bayanai na ɗan lokaci a cikin zuciyarmu. Ƙwaƙwalwar aiki yana da mahimmanci ga ayyukan yau da kullum kamar yanke shawara, warware matsalolin, da tunani.

Akwai nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya iri biyu: bayyane (ko bayyanawa) da bayyane (ko tsari).

Bayyanawa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya shine nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar hankali da muke amfani da ita don tunawa da gaskiya da abubuwan da suka faru. Ana adana irin wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar mu na dogon lokaci kuma ana iya dawo da ita idan an so. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, a gefe guda, shine nau'in hankali ƙwaƙwalwar da muke amfani da ita don ƙwarewa da halaye. Ana adana irin wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci memori kuma ana dawo da shi ta atomatik.

Bambance-bambance tsakanin bayyane da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana da mahimmanci saboda yana taimaka mana fahimtar yadda muke tunawa da abubuwa. Misali, lokacin da kuke hawa babur, kuna amfani da fayyace ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ku. Ba dole ba ne ka yi tunanin yadda za a fedal ko tuƙi saboda ana adana waɗannan ƙwarewar a cikin fakewarka

Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa

Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana bayyana ilimin da yake samuwa ba tare da saninsa ba amma ba za a iya fahimta da sauri ba. Duk da haka, a fakaice abubuwan tunawa suna da mahimmanci a gare mu tunda suna tasiri kai tsaye halinmu. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ma'auni ne da ke ƙayyade yadda abubuwan da mutum ya fuskanta ke tasiri ga halayensa idan sun san su da rashin sani.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wani nau'i ne wanda gabaɗaya an kasafta shi zuwa aji uku: ƙayyadaddun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta tsari, tasirin kwandishan na al'ada da haɓakawa.

Ƙwaƙwalwar Haptic

Ƙwaƙwalwar Haptic shine ikon tunawa da bayanin da aka samu ta hanyar taɓawa. Irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana da mahimmanci ga ayyuka irin su sutura da kanmu, dafa abinci, da kuma tuki mota.An adana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin somatosensory cortex, wanda yake a cikin parietal lobe na kwakwalwa. Wannan yanki na kwakwalwa yana da alhakin sarrafa bayanai daga fata da sauran sassan jiki.

Akwai nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar haptic iri biyu:

a. Ƙwaƙwalwar haptic na ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda ke daɗe na ƴan daƙiƙa kuma yana ba mu damar tunawa da bayanin da muka taɓa kwanan nan

b. ƙwaƙwalwar haptic na dogon lokaci, wanda ke ba mu damar tunawa da bayanan da muka taɓa a baya. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa yana da mahimmanci ga ayyukan yau da kullum saboda yana taimaka mana mu yi hulɗa tare da yanayinmu. Hakanan yana taka rawa a cikin ma'anar taɓawa, wanda shine ma'anar da ke ba mu damar jin abubuwa tare da fata.

Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa

Ƙwaƙwalwar tsari shine ilimin da babu makawa na yadda abubuwa ke aiki. Zama akan keke bayan daina yunƙurinsa shine kawai misalin ƙwaƙwalwar hanya.

Wannan kalmar tana bayyana ilimi mai dorewa da aiki yadda ake koyon sabon fasaha-daga ƙwarewar asali zuwa waɗanda ke ɗaukar lokaci da ƙoƙari don koyo da haɓakawa. Makamantan kalmomin sun haɗa da kinesthetic Ƙwaƙwalwar da ke da alaƙa ta musamman ga ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa halin jiki.

Ƙwaƙwalwar Kinesthetic wani nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar tsari ne wanda ke adana bayanai game da motsin jikinmu. Wannan ya haɗa da bayanai game da motsin tsokoki da yadda muke ji lokacin da muke motsa jikinmu.

Tunanin Kinesthetic yawanci ana samun dama ba tare da wani yunƙuri na hankali ba kuma galibi ana samun su ta atomatik (misali, lokacin da muke hawan keke, muna tunawa ta atomatik yadda ake jin tadawa da daidaitawa akan keke).

Pavlovian gargajiya kwandishan wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke faruwa a lokacin da muka koyi haɗakar abubuwa guda biyu (alama da lada) don haka alamar ta yi hasashen sakamako kai tsaye. Misali, idan ka yawaita ba kare abinci bayan ya ji karar kararrawa, kararrawa za ta fara tsinkayar abincin kuma kare zai fara yin sabulu a karar kararrawa.

Priming wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke faruwa a lokacin da aka fallasa zuwa wani abin ƙarfafawa guda ɗaya (kalmar, hoto, da dai sauransu) yana sa ya fi dacewa mu tuna da wani abin ƙarfafawa mai alaƙa.

Misali, idan aka nuna maka kalmar “ja”, za ka iya tunawa da kalmar “apple” fiye da kalmar “tebur”. Wannan shi ne saboda kalmar "ja" ta fi dacewa da kalmar "apple", wanda ke da alaƙa.

Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa

Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙira, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, shine nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo wanda ke adana bayanan da za a iya tunawa da hankali. Wannan ya haɗa da abubuwan tunawa da gaskiya da abubuwan da suka faru, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na sirri.

Fiyayyen tunani galibi ana samun isa gareshi tare da yunƙurin sane kuma galibi ana samun su ta hanyar magana ko rubuce-rubuce (misali, lokacin da muka ɗauki gwaji, dole ne mu tuna da bayanin da muke son tunawa da sani).

Lokacin tantance abubuwan tunawa ta hanyar sa wani ya tuna da wani abu a hankali, muna auna abubuwan tunawa. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙira tana nufin bayanai ko gogewa waɗanda ake sauƙin tunawa.

Wannan shi ne gaba ɗaya yadda mutum zai iya tunawa da wasu ayyuka ko abubuwan da suka faru. Ƙwaƙwalwar ganewa ita ce ikon tunawa da wani abu da aka samu a baya. Wannan na iya zama wani abu daga gane fuska zuwa tuna waƙa.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya marar sani

Akwai manyan tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya guda uku waɗanda ba su sani ba: ƙwaƙwalwar tsari, tasirin yanayin yanayin yanayi da priming.Tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar tsari shine sanin yadda ake yin abubuwa ba tare da sani ba.

Wannan ya haɗa da ƙwarewa irin su hawan keke ko yin iyo, da kuma ƙarin ƙwarewa masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke ɗaukar lokaci da ƙoƙari don koyo, kamar kunna kayan kida. Tasirin kwandishan na gargajiya wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke faruwa lokacin da muka koyi haɗaka biyu. abubuwan motsa rai (wato alama da lada) ta yadda alamar zata yi hasashen lada ta atomatik.

Misali, idan ka yawaita ba kare abinci bayan ya ji karar kararrawa, kararrawa za ta fara tsinkayar abincin kuma kare zai fara yin sabulu a karar kararrawa.

Priming wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke faruwa a lokacin da aka fallasa zuwa ga wani abin ƙarfafawa guda ɗaya (kalmar, hoto, da dai sauransu) yana sa ya fi dacewa mu tuna da wani abin ƙarfafawa mai alaƙa.

Misali, idan aka nuna maka kalmar “ja”, za ka iya tunawa da kalmar “apple” fiye da kalmar “tebur”. Wannan shi ne saboda kalmar "ja" ta fi dacewa da kalmar "apple", wanda ke da alaƙa.

Sub Conscious Memory

Tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar hankali shine ilimin abubuwan da muka sani, amma ba sa tunawa da sane. Wannan ya haɗa da abubuwan tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru kafin a haife mu (kamar kiɗa a cikin mahaifa), da kuma abubuwan da muka manta ko danne. Tsarin ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yawanci ana samun dama ta hanyar ji da fahimta maimakon ta hanyar tunani.

Ka tuna Memory

Tuna ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, a gefe guda, shine ikon tunawa da bayanai ba tare da wani alamar waje ba. Ana ɗaukar wannan sau da yawa nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar "mafi tsafta" tunda yana buƙatar ku maido bayanai daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ku ba tare da wani taimako ba.

Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa

Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tana nufin tunawa da wari. Irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yawanci yana da ƙarfi sosai, kuma sau da yawa mutane suna iya tunawa da ƙamshi tun daga ƙuruciyarsu ko kuma daga dangantakar da ta gabata. Tunawa da kaddara na iya zama da wahala a manta da wani lokaci, kuma sau da yawa suna haifar da motsin rai.

Tactile Memory

Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa shine ikon tunawa da abubuwan taɓawa. Wannan ya haɗa da nau'ikan abubuwa, zafin ɗaki, da jin fatar wani. Ana yawan adana abubuwan da za a iya tunawa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar mu na dogon lokaci, kuma suna iya da wuya a manta.

Ƙwaƙwalwar gani

Ƙwaƙwalwar gani shine ikon tunawa da abin da muke gani. Wannan ya haɗa da ikon tunawa da fuskoki, abubuwa, da fage. Ƙwaƙwalwar gani sau da yawa yana da ƙarfi sosai, kuma sau da yawa mutane na iya tunawa da hotuna daga ƙuruciyarsu ko daga dangantakar da ta gabata. Tunanin gani a wasu lokuta na iya zama da wahala a manta, kuma sau da yawa suna iya haifar da motsin rai.

Ƙwaƙwalwar Auditory

Ƙwaƙwalwar sauraro ita ce ikon tunawa da abin da muka ji. Wannan ya haɗa da iya tunawa da sautin muryar wani, sautin wuri, da sautin kiɗa. Ƙwaƙwalwar sauraron sauraro sau da yawa yana da ƙarfi sosai, kuma sau da yawa mutane na iya tunawa da sautuna daga ƙuruciyarsu ko kuma daga dangantakar da ta gabata. Tunawa da saurare na iya zama da wahala a manta a wasu lokuta, kuma sau da yawa suna iya haifar da motsin rai.

Dogon ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya

Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci tsarin ƙwaƙwalwa ne na musamman da mutane ke amfani da su don riƙe ilimi. Ayyuka da yawa sun bambanta. Tunda tunanin tunani kawai yana yawo a cikin daƙiƙa, kuma taƙaitaccen tunani na iya zama minti ɗaya kawai, dogon tunani na iya kasancewa daga al'amarin da ya ɗauki mintuna 5 ko wani abu da ya faru fiye da shekaru 20 da suka gabata.

Ƙwaƙwalwar lokaci mai tsawo yana da ban mamaki daban-daban. Yawancin lokaci yana da hankali kuma yana buƙatar kwakwalwarmu ta ci gaba da yin tunani game da wani abu don tunawa da wani abu. Wani lokaci suna sume kuma kawai suna bayyana a cikin yanayi ba tare da tunawa da sani ba.

Memorywitin dogon zamani - ltm ko dogon ƙwaƙwalwa - ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda za'a iya adanar mahimman bayanai har abada. Lokacin da muke magana game da abubuwan tunawa na dogon lokaci, yawanci muna magana ne akan abubuwan da suka faru da kuma abubuwan tunawa (duba ƙasa). Duk da haka, akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa za a iya samun nau'o'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci, kowanne yana da nasa halaye na musamman.

Har yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a koya game da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo. Wasu masu bincike suna nazarin nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci (misali, episodic, semantic, procedural, da dai sauransu), da kuma yadda suke da alaƙa da juna. Wasu kuma suna bincike hanyoyin inganta ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci (misali, ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, haɓaka haɓakar fahimi, da sauransu).

Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa vs. Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa

Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙira wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo wanda ya ƙunshi gaskiya da ilimi. Irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya za a iya tunawa da hankali, kuma yawanci ana amfani da ita don tunawa da bayanin da ke da mahimmanci a gare mu. Tunanin bayyanawa na iya zama ko dai na ma'ana (wanda ke da alaƙa da ilimi) ko na al'ada (mai alaƙa da abubuwan sirri).

Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da ba ta bayyana ba, a gefe guda, nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ne na dogon lokaci wanda ba ya haɗa da gaskiya ko ilimi. Irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar yawanci ba ta da hankali, kuma ana amfani da ita don tunawa da bayanan da ke da mahimmanci a gare mu. Tunanin da ba a bayyana ba zai iya zama ko dai tsari (dangane da ƙwarewa) ko kuma na tunani (dangane da ji).

Ƙwaƙwalwar Semantic

Ƙwaƙwalwar ɗabi'a shine ilimi mai dorewa wanda mutane ke adanawa. Wasu daga cikin bayanan da ke cikin ma’adanin ma’auni suna da alaƙa da wani nau’in bayanin da ke cikin ƙwaƙwalwar mutum. Bayan tunawa da sautunan da motsin zuciyar mutum da kansa, mutum zai iya tunawa da gaskiyar bikin. Semantics na iya ƙunsar bayanai game da mutane ko wuraren da ba mu da alaƙa kai tsaye ko alaƙa da su.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ɗabi'a wani nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ne na dogon lokaci wanda ke adana bayanai game da duniyar da ke kewaye da mu. Wannan ya haɗa da bayanan gaskiya kamar babban birnin Faransa ko sunan shugaban farko na Amurka. Ana samun damar tunanin zurfafa tunani ba tare da wani yunƙuri na hankali ba kuma galibi ana samun su ta atomatik (misali, idan muka ga hoton kare, muna tunanin “kare” kai tsaye).

Yanayin yanayin (wanda kuma aka sani da kayan kwandishan) wani nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ne mai alaƙa da koyo wanda ke faruwa a sakamakon sakamakon ɗabi'a. Akwai ƙa'idodi huɗu na asali na kwandishan mai aiki:

Ƙarfafa

Ƙarfafawa nau'in koyo ne da ke faruwa a sakamakon sakamakon ɗabi'a. Akwai ƙa'idodi huɗu na asali na kwandishan mai aiki:

• tabbataccen ƙarfafawa,
• korau ƙarfafawa,
• azaba, kuma
• bacewa.

Ingantacciyar ƙarfafawa yana faruwa lokacin da aka ƙarfafa hali (ƙara) ta hanyar gabatar da ingantaccen abin ƙarfafawa. Misali, idan ka ba wa wani magani a duk lokacin da ya yi wani abu da kake so ya yi, to kana amfani da ƙarfafawa mai kyau.

Ƙarfafawa mara kyau yana faruwa lokacin da aka ƙarfafa hali (ƙara) ta hanyar cire wani abu mara kyau. Misali, idan kun daina shan taba saboda ba ku son mutuwa, to kuna amfani da ƙarfafawa mara kyau.

azãba

Hukunci yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka azabtar da wani hali (raguwar) ta hanyar gabatar da wani abu mara kyau. Misali, idan ka yi wa yaranka mari duk lokacin da suka yi kuskure, to kana amfani da hukunci.

Nau'i nau'i

Kashewa yana faruwa lokacin da ba a ƙarfafa hali (ko azabtarwa). Misali, idan kun daina ba wa yaranku magani a duk lokacin da suka yi wani abu da kuke so su yi, to kuna amfani da lalata.

Kwatsam farfadowa

Farfadowa da gaggawa shine bayyanar da halin da aka kashe a baya bayan wani lokaci wanda ba a ƙarfafa halin ba. Misali, idan kun daina ba wa yaranku magani a duk lokacin da suka yi wani abu da kuke so su yi, to kuna amfani da lalata. Duk da haka, idan yaronka ya sake farawa da kyau bayan 'yan kwanaki ba tare da magani ba, to wannan misali ne na farfadowa da sauri.

Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa: Habituation da Hankali

Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da ba ta haɗin kai wani nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ne wanda baya haɗa da kowace ƙungiya tsakanin abubuwa ko abubuwan da suka faru. Akwai nau'o'i biyu na ƙwaƙwalwar da ba a haɗa su ba: al'ada da kuma hankali. Halittu wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke faruwa lokacin da muka saba da wani abin ƙarfafawa.

Misali, idan muka ji karar kararrawa akai-akai, za mu daina jin karar. Wannan shi ne saboda kwakwalwarmu ta saba da sautin kararrawa kuma ta daina amsawa. Sensitization wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar da ba ta haɗa da haɗin gwiwa ba wanda ke faruwa lokacin da muka fi dacewa da wani abin motsa jiki.

Wani misali kuma, idan muka sha warin ammonia akai-akai, za mu fara jin rashin lafiya sa’ad da muka ji warin. Wannan shi ne saboda kwakwalwarmu ta fahimci kamshin ammoniya kuma ya fara amsawa da shi da mummunan motsin rai.

Bugawa azaman Nau'in Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa

Wannan ya ƙunshi tsarin koyo da tunawa da sifofin abu ko halitta. An fi ganin shi a cikin dabbobi, inda jaririn da aka haifa zai yi sauri ya koyi ganewa da gane iyayensa.

Konrad Lorenz wani masanin ilmin halitta Bajamushe ne wanda ya yi karatu a cikin dabbobi a cikin 1930s. Ya gano cewa idan an cire jaririn tsuntsu ko wata dabba daga hannun iyayensa kafin ta sami damar sanin ko su wane ne, to daga baya za ta buga duk wani abu da ya motsa.

Misali, idan ka cire gulma daga mahaifiyarta sannan ka sanya shi a cikin alkalami tare da wasu agwagi, daga baya agwagi za ta buga kan sauran agwagi ta bi su.

Bugawa yana faruwa ne a lokacin da bayan an haifi dabba kuma suna haɗawa da abin da ta fara gani. Lorenz ya gano cewa sabbin agwagwayen jarirai za su bi abin motsi na farko da suka gani - sau da yawa Lorenz da kansa.

Binciken Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa

Duk da abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan, har yanzu akwai matsaloli masu mahimmanci don magance su. Yawancin waɗancan batutuwan sun haɗa da hanyoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ruɓewa. Ɗauki misalin matakai waɗanda ke tasiri ƙarfin synaptic na neurons a cikin LTPs na hippocampus. A cikin rahoton nasu, Hardt et. (2013) ya lura cewa ko da yake an kwatanta tsarin tafiyar da kwayoyin halitta da ke tattare da kafa LTPC, lalatawar TPA da wuri da kuma marigayi ya kasance ba a yi nazari ba.

A cikin labarin, an ambaci cewa har yanzu akwai matsaloli masu mahimmanci da za a warware a fannin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan matsala ita ce lalacewa ta farko da kuma marigayi TPA. Wannan yana nufin sakin Acetylcholine Presynapti na wucin gadi, wanda shine ma'auni na yadda synapse ke watsa sigina. Labarin ya nuna cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike a wannan fanni don inganta fahimtarmu game da Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa don haka a yi amfani da mu ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

Wani misali shine rawar microglia a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Microglia su ne kwayoyin da ke kare kwakwalwa daga kamuwa da cuta. Suna kuma shiga cikin tsarin kumburi, wanda ya zama dole don warkarwa. Duk da haka, bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa microglia na iya taka rawa wajen tunawa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. A cikin binciken da Takahashi et al. (2013), an gano cewa microglia suna da mahimmanci don nasarar tunawa da tunawa a cikin mice. Wannan yana nuna cewa microglia na iya zama wajibi don tunawa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin mutane kuma.

Misalai biyu ne kawai na matsalolin da yawa waɗanda har yanzu suke buƙatar magance su a fagen Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Tare da ƙarin bincike, za mu iya fahimtar yadda Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana aiki da yadda ake ingantawa shi.

Wata muhimmiyar tambaya da masu bincike har yanzu suke ƙoƙarin amsawa ita ce ta yaya ake ƙirƙira da adana abubuwan tunawa na dogon lokaci. An yi imani da cewa akwai manyan nau'i biyu na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo: bayyane da bayyane. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙira, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, shine nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo wanda ke adana bayanan da za a iya tunawa da hankali. Wannan ya haɗa da abubuwan tunawa na gaskiya da abubuwan da suka faru, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na sirri. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, a gefe guda, ita ce nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo wanda ke adana bayanan da ba a tuna da hankali ba. Wannan ya haɗa da abubuwa kamar fasaha da halaye.

Masu bincike har yanzu suna ƙoƙarin fahimtar yadda ake ƙirƙira fayyace da keɓaɓɓun tunani da adana su. Wata ka'ida ita ce ana adana bayanan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin hippocampus, yayin da keɓaɓɓen tunanin da aka adana a cikin cerebellum. Duk da haka, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da wannan ka'idar ba. Wata ka’ida kuma ita ce, a sarari da kuma na zurfafa tunani suna samuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Misali, za a iya samun bayyanannun abubuwan tunawa ta hanyar tsarin ƙarfafawa, yayin da za a iya ƙirƙirar ƙayyadaddun abubuwan tunawa ta hanyar maimaitawa.

Duk da ci gaban da aka samu a baya-bayan nan, har yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a koya game da yadda ake ƙirƙira da adana abubuwan tunawa na dogon lokaci. Tare da ƙarin bincike, za mu iya fahimtar wannan tsari da kyau inganta ikon mu na ƙirƙira da adana abubuwan tunawa.

Kamar yadda ake iya gani, akwai nau'o'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban-daban, kowannensu yana da nau'ikan fasali na musamman. Fahimtar nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban-daban yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda muke tunawa da abubuwa da kuma yadda za mu inganta ƙwaƙwalwarmu.

Ana ci gaba da nazarin sirrin da ke tattare da ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam, kuma har yanzu da sauran abubuwan da ba mu sani ba. Koyaya, an gano wasu abubuwa game da yadda ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ke aiki.

Wani abu mai mahimmanci don fahimta game da ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam shine cewa ba abu ɗaya ba ne kawai. A haƙiƙa Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa ) ta ƙunshi sassa daban-daban, kowanne yana da aikin kansa na musamman. Waɗannan sassan sun haɗa da hippocampus, cerebellum, da cortex.

Hippocampus

Tsarin hippocampal yana da alhakin samuwar sabbin abubuwan tunawa. Har ila yau yana shiga cikin ƙarfafa tunanin dogon lokaci.

1. Hippocampus ne ke da alhakin samuwar sabbin abubuwan tunawa
2. Har ila yau yana shiga cikin ƙarfafa tunanin dogon lokaci
3. Hippocampus yana cikin tsakiyar lobe na wucin gadi
4. Yana da mahimmanci don koyo da ƙwaƙwalwa
5. Lalacewa ga hippocampus na iya haifarwa matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya

Cerebellum

Cerebellum ne ke da alhakin adana abubuwan tunawa na dogon lokaci. Cerebellum ɗinmu yana cikin bayan lobe na kwakwalwa. Ƙwaƙwalwar cerebellum ita ce ke da alhakin ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo Yana cikin lobe na baya na kwakwalwa. Cerebellum yana da mahimmanci don ilmantarwa na motsa jiki da daidaitawa, lalacewa ga cerebellum na iya haifar da matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da matsalolin motsi.

The Cortex

Cortex ne ke da alhakin dawo da abubuwan tunawa. Wannan bangare ne na kwakwalwa da ake amfani da shi lokacin da muke ƙoƙarin tunawa da wani abu. Har ila yau, bawo yana da alhakin gabobin mu, ciki har da gani, wari, da tabawa. Cortex yana da alhakin mafi girma ayyukan fahimi, kamar hankali, harshe, da fahimta. Hakanan cortex yana shiga cikin dawo da abubuwan tunawa.

Cortex shine mafi yawan yawan adadin kwakwalwa Yana da mahimmanci ga hankali da tsarin tunani.

The kwakwalwa ke da alhakin duk tunaninmu, ji, da ayyukanmu. Hakanan yana da alhakin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar mu. Ƙwaƙwalwar gaba ce mai rikitarwa, kuma har yanzu muna koyo game da ayyukanta. Duk da haka, mun san cewa kwakwalwa tana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar ɗan adam.

Wani abu mai ban sha'awa game da ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam shine cewa ba cikakke ba ne. A gaskiya ma, ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam sau da yawa ba abin dogaro ba ne. Wannan saboda tunaninmu sau da yawa yana rinjayar tunaninmu da imaninmu. Misali, mutanen da suka shaida wani laifi sukan tuna da taron daban-daban fiye da mutanen da ba su shaida laifin ba. Wannan saboda tunaninsu yana rinjayar yanayin tunaninsu a lokacin taron.

Duk da gazawarsa, ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam wani abu ne mai ban mamaki wanda ke ba mu damar adanawa da kuma tunawa da adadi mai yawa na bayanai.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙirar kwamfuta da Elon Musk zai buƙaci ƙarin bincike kan yadda nau'ikan tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban-daban ke aiki ta ilimin halitta. Wannan binciken zai taimaka mana mu fahimci yadda ake ƙirƙira da adana abubuwan tunawa, waɗanda zasu zama mahimmanci don haɓaka ingantaccen haɗin kwakwalwa da kwamfuta.

Binciken Ƙwaƙwalwar Tsawon Lokaci

Wasu masu binciken da ke binciken ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci sune Dokta James McGaugh, Dokta Endel Tulving, da Dr. Brenda Milner.

Dokta James McGaugh masani ne a fannin ilimin jijiya wanda ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo. Ya gano cewa akwai nau'o'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci, kowanne yana da nasa halaye na musamman. Ya kuma gano cewa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci na iya zama inganta ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin mnemonic da haɓaka fahimi motsawa.

Endel Tulving ne a gwajin fahimi masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam wanda ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi akan ƙwaƙwalwar episodic (duba ƙasa). Ya gano cewa ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta ƙunshi sassa biyu: bangaren tunowa da ɓangaren wayar da kan jama'a.

Bangaren tunawa yana nufin iya tunawa da cikakkun bayanai game da wani abu, kuma bangaren wayar da kan jama'a yana nufin ikon tuna cewa kana tunawa da wani abu.

Ya kuma gano cewa episodic ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na iya lalacewa ta hanyar lalacewa ga hippocampus (tsari a cikin kwakwalwa wanda ke da hannu wajen ƙirƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya).

Dokta Brenda Milner wani likitan neuropsychologist ne wanda ya gudanar da bincike akan ƙwaƙwalwar episodic da amnesia (asarar ƙwaƙwalwa). Ta gano cewa mutanen da ke fama da amnesia suna iya tunawa da bayanan da aka adana a cikin ma'adanin ma'amala (duba ƙasa), amma ba za su iya tunawa da bayanan da aka adana a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar episodic ba.

Yi rijista don MemTrax - Taimakawa Ofishin Mu

 

Abubuwan da aka bita na ƙwararru:

-Hardt, O., Wang, Y., & Sheng, M. (2013). Hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta na samuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14 (11), 610-623.

-Takahashi, R., Katagiri, Y., Yokoyama, T., & Miyamoto, A. (2013). Microglia suna da mahimmanci don nasarar dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar tsoro. Sadarwar yanayi, DOI:

Ashford, J. (2014). Ka'idodin samuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ajiya. An dawo daga https://www.ashford.edu/faculty/jashford/theories-of-memory-formation-and-storage

- Ashford, JW (2013). Ka'idojin Ƙwaƙwalwa. An dawo daga https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/memory-7/theories-of-memory-31/

-Baddley, A. (2012). Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ku: Jagorar Mai amfani. London: Robinson.

-Ebbinghaus, H. (2013). Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru . New York: Dover Publications.

-Squire, LR, Wixted, JT (2007). Ƙwararren ƙwaƙwalwa na ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam tun lokacin HM. Bita na shekara-shekara na Kimiyyar Jijiya, 30, 259-288. DOI:

-Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru . New York: Dover Publications.

Ashford, J. (2011). Matsayin lobe na wucin gadi na tsakiya a cikin ƙayyadadden ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12 (8), 512-524.

A cikin wannan labarin, Ashford yayi magana game da rawar tsaka-tsakin lobe na wucin gadi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Ya yi jayayya cewa tsaka-tsakin lobe na wucin gadi yana da mahimmanci don samar da abubuwan tunawa. Ya kuma tattauna mahimmancin hippocampus a cikin samuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

-Hardt, O., Nader, KA, & Wolf, M. (2013). Ƙarfafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sake ƙarfafawa: hangen nesa na synaptic. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin neurosciences, 36 (12), 610-618. doi: S0166-2236 (13)00225-0 [pii]

Kamar yadda ake iya gani, akwai nau'o'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban-daban, kowannensu yana da nau'ikan fasali na musamman. Fahimtar nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban-daban yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda muke tunawa da abubuwa da kuma yadda za mu inganta ƙwaƙwalwarmu.