Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zenkumbulo: eyesikhashana, eyesikhathi eside, neyezinzwa. Uhlobo ngalunye lwenkumbulo lufeza inhloso ehlukile, futhi lubalulekile ngezizathu ezahlukene. Ake sihlole uhlobo ngalunye lwenkumbulo ngokuningiliziwe, futhi sichaze ukuthi lusebenza kanjani. Sizophinde sikhulume ngokubaluleka kohlobo ngalunye lwenkumbulo, futhi sinikeze nezibonelo ezizobonisa ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene zenkumbulo?

Imfihlo yoku womuntu inkumbulo isacwaningwa, futhi kusekuningi esingakwazi. Nokho, ezinye izinto ziye zatholwa mayelana nendlela inkumbulo esebenza ngayo.

One into ebalulekile ukuyiqonda mayelana nenkumbulo yomuntu ukuthi akuyona nje into eyodwa. Inkumbulo empeleni yenziwe izingxenye ezahlukene, ngayinye inomsebenzi wayo oyingqayizivele. Lezi zingxenye zihlanganisa i-hippocampus, i-cerebellum, ne-cortex.

Abacwaningi bayazazi izinkumbulo zabantu kanye nezinqubo zayo kodwa zisalokhu zingazi ukuthi idatha yenkumbulo igcinwa futhi ikhunjulwe kanjani ebuchosheni. Kulesi sihloko sihlola izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuqonda kanye namasu okuqagela ukuthi singawenza kanjani imephu uhlelo lobuchopho lwenkumbulo. Iningi abantu bakholelwa ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo ezimbalwa zenkumbulo kuyilapho abanye beqagela ukuthi inkumbulo yayo yesikhathi esifushane nje kanye nenkumbulo yesikhathi eside.

Ake sithathe isikhashana ukuhlola inqwaba inkumbulo izinhlelo ekhonjwe kusukela ngo-2022: inkumbulo yezinzwa, inkumbulo yezithombe, inkumbulo yokuzwa, inkumbulo yenqubo, inkumbulo ephawulekayo, inkumbulo ye-echoic, inkumbulo eyinhloko neyesibili, inkumbulo ye-episodic, inkumbulo yendawo ebonakalayo, inkumbulo ye-echoic, inkumbulo eqaphelayo, inkumbulo engazi lutho, inkumbulo ye-semantic, inkumbulo ye-haptic, inkumbulo yesikhashana, inkumbulo ehlangene, inkumbulo yesikhashana, inkumbulo ememezelayo, inkumbulo yokukhumbula, inkumbulo ebonwayo, inkumbulo yesikhathi eside, inkumbulo ye-eidetic, inkumbulo ephunga, i-Pavlovian classical conditioning, imprinting ye-Konrad Lorentz, isimo esisebenzayo (imishini ye-slot BF Skinner), ukungathandwa (Garcia).

Kukhona okutholakele okungqubuzanayo kuwo wonke umkhakha we ucwaningo lwenkumbulo ngesakhiwo nokuhleleka kwalezi zigaba zenkumbulo ngakho-ke ngizozibala lapha ngendlela enesakhiwo esincane. I-in-fighting yamanje ocwaningweni ikhombisa ubunkimbinkimbi obukhulu be ubuchopho bomuntu, omunye wemingcele yethu ejabulisa kakhulu engatholwanga.

Izigaba zenkumbulo: Inkumbulo Yesikhathi Esifushane Neyesikhathi Eside

Enye indlela ye ukuqonda inkumbulo ngokuqonda inkumbulo yesikhathi ekhunjulwa ngaso. Lokhu indlela yokucabanga iphakamisa ukuthi kumemori yezinzwa ulwazi luqala enkumbulweni yesikhashana futhi lugcine enkumbulweni yesikhathi eside.

Ingabe yisikhathi esifushane kuphela lapho inkumbulo isuka endaweni yokugcina yesikhathi esifushane iye endaweni yokugcina isikhathi eside? Ukukhumbula inkumbulo kuyathakazelisa ngempela lapho usesha amasistimu ayilawulayo phakathi kokudubula kwezigidigidi zama-neurons ebuchosheni bethu..

Kodwa akulona lonke ulwazi oludlula ekucutshungulweni kolwazi kanye nenqubo yezengqondo luye esigabeni sokugcina, okunye kuye kwashiywa ukuba kufiphale njengezinkumbulo zesikhashana. Ukuthi idatha icutshungulwa kanjani kunqunywa yi- indlela ulwazi olufinyelelwa ngayo esikhathini esifushane sememori.

Inkumbulo eyisisekelo, eyaziwa nangokuthi inkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane, inkumbulo esiyisebenzisela ukugcina ulwazi isikhathi esifushane. Lolu lwazi lungaba yinoma yini ukusuka kunombolo yocingo kuye emininingwaneni yengxoxo. Ulwazi oluningi olukwinkumbulo eyinhloko lulahleka phakathi nemizuzu noma amahora, nakuba olunye ulwazi lungagcinwa kuze kube usuku.

Inkumbulo yesibili, eyaziwa nangokuthi inkumbulo yesikhathi eside, inkumbulo esiyisebenzisela ukugcina ulwazi isikhathi eside. Lolu lwazi lungaba yinoma yini kusukela egameni lesilwane esifuywayo sokuqala kuya osukwini esazalwa ngalo. Iningi lolwazi kumemori yesibili ligcinwa unomphela.

Inkumbulo ephakeme uhlobo lwenkumbulo oluhlongozwayo okucatshangwa ukuthi luhlala isikhathi eside kunenkumbulo yesibili. Kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi inkumbulo ephakeme ingase ibe nesibopho kwezinye izinhlobo zolwazi olufana nolwazi lwe-orsemantic. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje abukho ubufakazi besayensi obusekela inkumbulo ephakeme.

Umqondo wenkumbulo ephakeme uyathakazelisa, uhlobo lwenkumbulo oluhlongozwayo okucatshangwa ukuthi luhlala isikhathi eside kunenkumbulo yesibili. Nokho, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi inkumbulo ephakeme ingase ibe nesibopho kwezinye izinhlobo zolwazi, njengolwazi mayelana nemiqondo ye-semantic.

Ulwazi lwe-semantic lubhekisela ekuqondeni kwethu incazelo nokusetshenziswa kwamagama, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi lugcinwe encwadini ubuchopho endaweni ehlukene nezinkumbulo zesiqephu.

Izinhlobo zenkumbulo: Funda kabanzi mayelana nezinhlobo ezahlukene zenkumbulo

Izinkumbulo zingahluka kakhulu. Kunezinto eziningi ososayensi abangaziqondi nakancane mayelana nokuqonda komuntu. Masiphenye uhlobo ngalunye lwesistimu yenkumbulo yomuntu futhi sizame ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi yethu kanjani ukusebenza kobuchopho.

Imemori yesikhathi esifushane

Ulwazi oluningi olungena enkumbulweni yezinzwa zobuchopho luyakhohlwa, kodwa ulwazi esigxile kulo, ngenhloso yenkumbulo, lungase ludlulele enkumbulweni yesikhashana. Cabangela izinkulungwane zezikhangiso, abantu, nemicimbi ochayeka kuyo nsuku zonke, ulwazi lwalo oluningi kakhulu ongalugcina. Inkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane - STM noma Inkumbulo Emfishane - inkumbulo lapho idatha encane ingagcinwa khona imizuzwana embalwa noma ngaphansi.

Inkumbulo yesikhashana ayigcini ulwazi unomphela, futhi ingacutshungulwa kuphela ngemva kwalokho futhi izinqubo ezisetshenziselwa ukuqonda, ukuguqula, ukuhumusha nokugcina ulwazi enkumbulweni (SM) zibizwa ngokuthi inkumbulo yokusebenza.

Inkumbulo yesikhashana kanye nenkumbulo yokusebenza

Isikhathi esifushane nokusebenza inkumbulo ingashintshwa ngezindlela eziningi futhi zombili zibhekisela kuphela ekugcineni idatha isikhathi esifushane. Nokho, ukusebenza inkumbulo ihlukaniswa ngobunjalo bayo nenkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane ngokuthi inkumbulo esebenzayo idinga ngokuyinhloko ukugcina isikhashana ukwaziswa obekulokhu engqondweni. kushintshiwe.

Ezinkumbulo zesikhashana igama noma izibalo ezikhombayo zisetshenziselwa ukucubungula inombolo ethile yolwazi noma olunye ulwazi ngokuqaphela nokuyigcina. Ifayela libe seligcinwa njengememori yesikhathi eside noma lingavele lisulwe.

Inkumbulo ye-Episodic

Izinkumbulo zomuntu zesigameko ("isiqephu" umuntu ahlangabezane naso) phakathi nokuphila kwakhe ziyizinkumbulo zesiqephu. Iletha ukunaka emininingwaneni kusukela endleleni odle ngayo kuye emizweni oyizwayo ngenkathi ukhuluma ngobudlelwano obuseduze.

Izinkumbulo ezivela ezinkumbulo ze-episodic zingaba kamuva nje, amashumi eminyaka. Omunye umqondo ofanayo inkumbulo ye-autobiographical, okuyinkumbulo yolwazi oluqukethwe emlandweni wokuphila kwabantu.

Inkumbulo yesikhashana inezici ezi-3 ezibalulekile:

1. Ikhono lokugcina idatha isikhathi esifushane.
2. Ikhono lokucubungula ulwazi olufinyelelwa kumemori yesikhathi esifushane.
3. Ikhono lokushintsha ulwazi ngengqondo ngaphambi kokulugcina kumemori esebenzayo.

Abanye abacwaningi baphikisa ngokuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili zenkumbulo yesikhashana: a. Uhlobo lokuqala lubizwa ngokuthi inkumbulo eyinhloko noma esebenzayo yesikhashana, okubhekisela kudatha esiyinakekela ngokucophelela futhi siyicubungula nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

Lolu hlobo inkumbulo yesikhashana inomthamo olinganiselwe (imvamisa cishe izinto eziyisikhombisa) kanye nobude besikhathi esifushane (imizuzwana embalwa). b. Uhlobo lwesibili lubizwa ngokuthi inkumbulo yesibili noma engenzi lutho yesikhathi esifushane, ebhekisela kudatha esingayinakekeli ngokuqaphela kodwa esingase ibuyiswe esitolo sethu sememori. Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane lunomthamo omkhulu kunenkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane eyinhloko kodwa ubude besikhathi obufushane (amasekhondi ambalwa ukuya kumzuzu).

I-Priming umphumela wenkumbulo ongacacile lapho ukuchayeka kusisusa kuthonya impendulo kusisusa sakamuva. Ngamanye amazwi, i-priming iyindlela yokwenza okuthile kusebenze izinkumbulo ngaphandle kokuzama ngokuqaphela ukwenza kanjalo.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-priming:

a. ukuqala kwezinzwa, okwenzeka lapho ukwethulwa kwesisusa esisodwa kuthinta ukucutshungulwa kwesinye isivuseleli esivezwa ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho ngendlela efanayo (isb, ukubona igama esikrinini kuthinta isivinini lelo gama elingafundwa ngalo ngokuzwakalayo).

b. ukuthuthukiswa kwe-semantic, okwenzeka lapho ukwethulwa kwesisusa esisodwa kuthinta ukucutshungulwa kwesinye isivuseleli esivezwa ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho ngendlela ehlukile (isb., ukuzwa igama kuthinta isivinini lelo gama elikwazi ukubonakala ngaso ngokubonakalayo).

Inkumbulo Yezithombe

Kukhona uhlobo lwenkumbulo olwaziwa ngokuthi inkumbulo yezithombe, noma inkumbulo ye-eidetic, okuyikhono lokukhumbula izithombe ngokucacile okukhulu. Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo aluvamile, lwenzeka cishe ku-2-3% wabantu.

Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi bekhangwa izithombe inkumbulo futhi uyifunde kabanzi ngethemba yokuqonda ukuthi isebenza kanjani kanye nendlela yokuyiphindaphinda. Kusenemibuzo eminingi mayelana nenkumbulo yezithombe ehlala ingaphendulwa, kodwa abacwaningi benza inqubekelaphambili ekuqondeni leli khono eliyingqayizivele.

Abacwaningi abafundela izithombe inkumbulo bathole ukuthi kuyikhono elingafundwa futhi ngcono. Nokho, akunjalo wonke umuntu onenkumbulo yezithombe iyakwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngempumelelo. Abanye abantu bakuthola kunzima ukukhumbula abakubonayo, kuyilapho abanye bekwazi ukukhumbula izithombe ngokucacile okukhulu.

Abacwaningi basazama ukuqonda ubunkimbinkimbi benkumbulo yezithombe nokuthi isebenza kanjani. Bahlola izindlela ezahlukene zokuthuthukisa leli khono futhi banethemba lokuthi ngolunye usuku bazokwazi ukuvula zonke izimfihlo zalo.

Inkumbulo Echoic

Imemori ye-Echoic iyisilondolozi senkumbulo yesikhashana esigcina ulwazi lokuzwayo okwesikhashana. Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo luwusizo kakhulu ekukhumbuleni izinombolo zocingo, isibonelo, ngoba inombolo ingaphindaphindwa ngokuzwakalayo ukuyigcina kumemori ye-echoic. Ulwazi olugcinwe kumemori ye-echoic ngokuvamile lukhunjulwa imizuzwana embalwa, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kufika kuminithi.

Inkumbulo ye-Echoic yafundwa okokuqala isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseMelika u-Ulric Neisser, owashicilela lokho akutholile ephepheni eliphelele mayelana nendaba ngo-1967. indima ekuqapheliseni komuntu.

Inkumbulo ye-Echoic kukholakala ukuthi igcinwe ku-cortex yokuzwa, etholakala ku-lobe yesikhashana yobuchopho. Le ndawo yobuchopho inesibopho sokucubungula ulwazi lokuzwa.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zememori ye-echoic:

a. inkumbulo ngokushesha, okuthatha imizuzwana embalwa futhi kusivumela ukuthi sigcine ulwazi isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze sikucubungule

b. inkumbulo ebambezelekile, okungahlala isikhathi esingafika kumzuzu owodwa futhi kusivumela ukuba sikhumbule ulwazi ngisho nangemva kokuba isivuseleli sokuqala sesiphelile.

Inkumbulo ye-Echoic ibalulekile emisebenzini eminingi yansuku zonke, njengokulalela ingxoxo nokukhumbula okwashiwo. Iphinde ibe nendima ekuqondeni ulimi futhi isisiza ukuba sicubungule imisindo yenkulumo.

Kusekuningi esingakwenzi ukwazi ngenkumbulo ye-echoic, kodwa ucwaningo ngalesi sihloko lusaqhubeka futhi lunamandla okunikeza imininingwane yokuthi ukuqonda komuntu kusebenza kanjani.

Inkumbulo Yokuqaphela

Inkumbulo eqaphelayo yikhono lokukhumbula ulwazi olwaziyo ngesikhathi esithile. Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo luhlukile kumemori yesikhashana, ebhekisela kudatha oyilungisayo njengamanje, kanye nenkumbulo yesikhathi eside, ebhekisela olwazini olugcinile isikhathi eside.

Inkumbulo eqaphelayo iwuhlobo lwenkumbulo esebenzayo, okuyi- inqubo yokuqonda esivumela ukuthi sigcine futhi silawule ulwazi emiqondweni yethu okwesikhashana. Inkumbulo yokusebenza ibalulekile emisebenzini yansuku zonke njengokuthatha izinqumo, ukuxazulula izinkinga, nokucabanga.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zenkumbulo eqaphelayo: ecacile (noma ememezelayo) kanye ne-implicit (noma inqubo).

Okucacisiwe inkumbulo uhlobo lwenkumbulo eqaphelayo esiyisebenzisayo ukukhumbula amaqiniso kanye nemicimbi. Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo lugcinwa kumemori yethu yesikhathi eside futhi lungatholwa ngokuthanda kwakho. Inkumbulo engacacile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlobo lokuqaphela inkumbulo esiyisebenzisela amakhono nemikhuba. Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo lugcinwa kumemori yethu yesikhashana futhi lubuyiselwa ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Umehluko phakathi kwenkumbulo esobala nengafihli ubalulekile ngoba isisiza siqonde indlela esikhumbula ngayo izinto. Isibonelo, uma ugibela ibhayisikili, usebenzisa inkumbulo yakho engacacile. Akudingeki ucabange ukuthi unganyathela kanjani noma uqondise kanjani ngoba lawo makhono agcinwe endaweni yakho eyimfihlo

Inkumbulo Engaphelele

Inkumbulo engacacile ichaza ulwazi olutholakala ngokungazi kodwa olungenakuqondakala kalula. Noma kunjalo, kuphelele izinkumbulo zibaluleke kakhulu kithi njengoba zithinta ngqo ukuziphatha kwethu. Inkumbulo ethintekayo isilinganiso esinquma ukuthi isipiliyoni somuntu sinethonya kanjani ekuziphatheni kwakhe uma benganakile.

Inkumbulo engasho lutho iwuhlobo oluvame ukuhlukaniswa lube izigaba ezintathu: inkumbulo echazwe ngokwenqubo, umphumela wesimo sakudala kanye nokuqalwa.

Inkumbulo ye-Haptic

Inkumbulo ye-Haptic yikhono lokukhumbula ulwazi olutholakale ngokuthinta. Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo lubalulekile emisebenzini efana nokuzigqokisa, ukupheka, nokushayela imoto.Inkumbulo ye-Haptic igcinwe ku-somatosensory cortex, etholakala ku-parietal lobe yobuchopho. Le ndawo yobuchopho inesibopho sokucubungula ulwazi kusuka esikhumbeni nakwezinye izitho zezinzwa.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zememori ye-haptic:

a. inkumbulo yesikhashana ye-haptic, ehlala imizuzwana embalwa futhi isivumela ukuthi sikhumbule ulwazi esiluthinte kamuva nje

b. inkumbulo ye-haptic yesikhathi eside, esivumela ukuthi sikhumbule ulwazi esike saluthinta esikhathini esidlule.Inkumbulo ye-Haptic ibalulekile emisebenzini yansuku zonke ngoba isisiza ukuthi sihlanganyele nendawo yethu. Kuphinde kube nendima emqondweni wethu wokuthinta, okuwumqondo osivumela ukuthi sizwe izinto ngesikhumba sethu.

Inkumbulo Yenqubo

Inkumbulo yenqubo wulwazi olungagwemeki lokuthi izinto zisebenza kanjani. Ukuhlala phansi ebhayisikilini ngemva kokungasalizami kuyisibonelo nje senkumbulo yenqubo.

Leli gama lichaza ulwazi oluhlala njalo nokuzijwayeza indlela yokufunda ikhono elisha—kusuka kumakhono ayisisekelo kuye kulawo athatha isikhathi nomzamo wokufunda nokwenza ngcono. Amagama afanayo ahlanganisa i-kinesthetic inkumbulo ehlobene ngokuqondile nokuthinta inkumbulo ukuziphatha ngokomzimba.

Inkumbulo ye-Kinesthetic iwuhlobo lwenkumbulo yenqubo egcina ulwazi mayelana nokunyakaza kwemizimba yethu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ulwazi mayelana nokunyakaza kwemisipha yethu kanye nendlela esizizwa ngayo lapho sinyakazisa imizimba yethu.

Izinkumbulo ze-Kinesthetic zivame ukufinyelelwa ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umzamo futhi zivame ukubuyiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo (isibonelo, lapho sigibela ibhayisikili, sikhumbula ngokuzenzakalelayo indlela okuzwakala ngayo ukupedali nobhalansi ebhayisikilini).

I-Pavlovian classical conditioning kuwuhlobo lwenkumbulo esobala eyenzeka lapho sifunda ukuhlobanisa izisusa ezimbili (inkomba kanye nomvuzo) ukuze inkomba ibikezele umvuzo ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma unikeza inja ukudla ngokuphindaphindiwe ngemva kokuzwa insimbi ikhala, insimbi ekugcineni izoqala ukubikezela ukudla futhi inja izoqala ukuconsa amathe lapho kukhala insimbi.

I-Priming iwuhlobo lwenkumbulo esobala eyenzeka lapho ukuchayeka kusivuseleli esisodwa (igama, isithombe, njll.) kwenza kube nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuthi sikhumbule esinye isisusa esihlobene.

Isibonelo, uma ukhonjiswa igama elithi “bomvu”, maningi amathuba okuthi ukhumbule igama elithi “apula” kunegama elithi “itafula”. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi igama elithi “bomvu” liqala igama elithi “apula”, okuyigama elihlobene.

Inkumbulo Ecacile

Inkumbulo esobala, eyaziwa nangokuthi inkumbulo echazayo, iwuhlobo lwenkumbulo yesikhathi eside egcina ulwazi olungakhunjulwa ngokuqaphela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinkumbulo zamaqiniso nezehlakalo, kanye nezinkumbulo zokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu.

Izinkumbulo ezisobala zivame ukufinyelelwa ngomzamo obonakalayo futhi zivame ukubuyiswa ngokusebenzisa izimpawu zomlomo noma ezibhaliwe (isibonelo, lapho sihlola, kufanele sikhumbule ngokuqaphela ulwazi esifuna ukulikhumbula).

Uma sihlola izinkumbulo ngokwenza othile akhumbule okuthile ngokuqaphela, sikala izinkumbulo ezisobala. Inkumbulo evezayo ibhekisela olwazini noma okuhlangenwe nakho okukhumbuleka kalula.

Lokhu ngokuvamile yindlela umuntu angayikhumbula kahle ngayo imisebenzi ethile noma izehlakalo. Inkumbulo yokuqashelwa yikhono lokukhumbula okuthile okwenzeka ngaphambili. Lokhu kungaba yinoma yini kusukela ekuboneni ubuso kuye ekukhumbuleni umculo.

Inkumbulo Equlekile

Kunezinhlelo ezintathu eziyinhloko zenkumbulo engazi lutho: inkumbulo yenqubo, umphumela wokulungisa wakudala kanye nokuqala.Isistimu yenkumbulo yenqubo iwulwazi lwendlela yokwenza izinto ungaqaphile.

Lokhu kuhlanganisa amakhono afana nokugibela ibhayisikili noma ukubhukuda, kanye namakhono ayinkimbinkimbi athatha isikhathi nomzamo ukuwafunda, njengokudlala insimbi yomculo.Umphumela we-classical conditioning uwuhlobo lwenkumbulo engacacile eyenzeka lapho sifunda ukuhlobanisa izinto ezimbili. i-stimu (inkomba kanye nomvuzo) ukuze inkomba ibikezele umvuzo ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma unikeza inja ukudla ngokuphindaphindiwe ngemva kokuzwa insimbi ikhala, insimbi ekugcineni izoqala ukubikezela ukudla futhi inja izoqala ukuconsa amathe lapho kukhala insimbi.

I-Priming iwuhlobo lwenkumbulo esobala eyenzeka lapho ukuchayeka kusivuseleli esisodwa (igama, isithombe, njll.) kwenza kube maningi amathuba okuthi sikhumbule esinye isisusa esihlobene.

Isibonelo, uma ukhonjiswa igama elithi “bomvu”, maningi amathuba okuthi ukhumbule igama elithi “apula” kunegama elithi “itafula”. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi igama elithi “bomvu” liqala igama elithi “apula”, okuyigama elihlobene.

Sub Conscious Memory

I-sub conscious memory system iwulwazi lwezinto esizaziyo, kodwa esingazikhumbuli ngokuqaphela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinkumbulo zezenzakalo ezenzeka ngaphambi kokuba sizalwe (njengomculo esibelethweni), kanye nezinkumbulo esizikhohliwe noma esizicindezele. I-sub conscious memory system ivamise ukufinyelelwa ngemizwa nangengqondo kunokucabanga.

Khumbula iMemori

I-recall memory, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yikhono lokukhumbula ulwazi ngaphandle kwezimpawu zangaphandle. Lokhu kuvame ukubhekwa njengendlela “emsulwa” yenkumbulo njengoba kudinga ukuthi wenze njalo thola ulwazi kumemori yakho ngaphandle kosizo.

Inkumbulo ye-olfactory

Inkumbulo yephunga ibhekisela ekukhunjulweni kwephunga. Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo luvame ukuba namandla kakhulu, futhi abantu bangakwazi ukukhumbula iphunga elivela ebuntwaneni babo noma ubuhlobo bangaphambilini. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkumbulo ezinuka kamnandi zingase zibe nzima ukuzikhohlwa, futhi ngokuvamile zingavusa imizwelo enamandla.

I-Tactile Memory

Inkumbulo ethintekayo yikhono lokukhumbula imizwa yokuthinta. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwezinto, izinga lokushisa lekamelo, nomuzwa wesikhumba sothile. Izinkumbulo ezithintekayo zivame ukugcinwa enkumbulweni yethu yesikhathi eside, futhi kungaba nzima ukuzikhohlwa.

Inkumbulo Ebonakalayo

Inkumbulo ebonakalayo yikhono lokukhumbula esikubonayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ikhono lokukhumbula ubuso, izinto, nezigcawu. Inkumbulo ebonakalayo ivame ukuba namandla kakhulu, futhi abantu bangakwazi ukukhumbula izithombe zasebuntwaneni babo noma ubuhlobo bangaphambilini. Izinkumbulo ezibukwayo ngezinye izikhathi zingase zibe nzima ukuzikhohlwa, futhi ngokuvamile zingavusa imizwa enamandla.

Inkumbulo yokuzwa

Inkumbulo yokuzwa ikhono lokukhumbula esikuzwayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ikhono lokukhumbula umsindo wezwi lothile, umsindo wendawo, nomsindo womculo. Inkumbulo yokuzwa ivame ukuba namandla kakhulu, futhi abantu bangakwazi ukukhumbula imisindo evela ebuntwaneni babo noma ebudlelwaneni bangaphambili. Izinkumbulo ezizwakalayo ngezinye izikhathi zingase zibe nzima ukuzikhohlwa, futhi ngokuvamile zingavusa imizwa enamandla.

Inkumbulo Yesikhathi Eside

Inkumbulo yesikhathi eside iyizinhlelo zobuchopho ezikhethekile ezisetshenziswa abantu ukugcina ulwazi. Imisebenzi eminingana ihlukile. Njengoba izinkumbulo zezinzwa zicwayiza ngemizuzwana, nezinkumbulo ezimfushane zingase zibe umzuzu owodwa, izinkumbulo ezihlala isikhathi eside zingase zivele esehlakalweni esifanayo esathatha imizuzu emi-5 noma okuthile okwenzeka eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20 edlule.

Inkumbulo yesikhathi eside ihluke ngendlela emangalisayo. Imvamisa iyazi futhi idinga ukuthi ingqondo yethu ihlale icabanga ngokuthile ukuze ikhumbule okuthile. Kwesinye isikhathi baqulekile futhi bavele basesimweni ngaphandle kokukhumbula okuthile.

Imemori yesikhathi eside - i-LTM noma Imemori ende - inkumbulo lapho inani elikhulu ledatha lingagcinwa khona unomphela. Uma sikhuluma ngezinkumbulo zesikhathi eside, ngokuvamile sibhekisela ezinkumbulo ze-episodic neze-semantic (bona ngezansi). Nokho, kunobufakazi obubonisa ukuthi kungase kube nezinhlobo ezahlukene zenkumbulo yesikhathi eside, ngayinye enezici zayo ezihlukile.

Kusekuningi okusamele kufundwe ngenkumbulo yesikhathi eside. Abanye abacwaningi bafunda izinhlobo ezahlukene zenkumbulo yesikhathi eside (isb., i-episodic, semantic, procedural, njll.), nokuthi zihlobana kanjani. Abanye bayaphenya izindlela zokuthuthukisa inkumbulo yesikhathi eside (isb, ngokusebenzisa amadivaysi e-mnemonic, ukwandisa ukukhuthazwa kwengqondo, njll.).

Inkumbulo ememezelayo vs. Inkumbulo Engamemezeli

Inkumbulo ememezelayo iwuhlobo lwenkumbulo yesikhathi eside ehlanganisa amaqiniso nolwazi. Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo lungakhunjulwa ngokuqaphela, futhi ngokuvamile lusetshenziselwa ukukhumbula ulwazi olubalulekile kithi. Izinkumbulo ezimemezelayo zingaba semantic (zihlobane nolwazi) noma i-episodic (ezihlobane nolwazi lomuntu siqu).

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkumbulo engamemezeli iwuhlobo lwenkumbulo yesikhathi eside engafaki amaqiniso noma ulwazi. Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo ngokuvamile luqulekile, futhi lusetshenziselwa ukukhumbula ulwazi olubalulekile kithi. Izinkumbulo ezingasho lutho zingaba ngokwenqubo (ezihlobene namakhono) noma ezemizwa (ezihlobene nemizwa).

Inkumbulo ye-Semantic

Inkumbulo ye-Semantic ulwazi oluhlala isikhathi eside olugcinwe abantu. Olunye ulwazi olusenkumbulweni ye-semantic luhlobene nolunye uhlobo lolwazi olusenkumbulweni yomuntu. Ngaphandle kokukhumbula imisindo nemizwelo azizwa ngayo, umuntu angakhumbula amaqiniso omkhosi. I-Semantics ingaqukatha ulwazi olumayelana nabantu noma izindawo esingenakho ukuxhumana okuqondile noma ubudlelwano nazo.

Inkumbulo ye-Semantic uhlobo lwenkumbulo yesikhathi eside egcina ulwazi mayelana nomhlaba osizungezile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imininingwane eyiqiniso njengenhloko-dolobha yaseFrance noma igama likamongameli wokuqala wase-United States. Izinkumbulo ze-semantic ngokuvamile zifinyelelwa ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umzamo futhi zivame ukubuyiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo (isibonelo, uma sibona isithombe senja, sicabanga ngokuzenzakalelayo "inja").

Isimo sokusebenza (okwaziwa nangokuthi i-instrumental conditioning) uhlobo lwenkumbulo oluhlotshaniswa nokufunda okwenzeka njengomphumela wemiphumela yokuziphatha. Kunezimiso ezine eziyisisekelo ze-operant conditioning:

Ukuqiniswa

Ukuqinisa kuwuhlobo lokufunda olwenzeka ngenxa yemiphumela yokuziphatha. Kunezimiso ezine eziyisisekelo ze-operant conditioning:

• ukuqinisa okuhle,
• ukuqiniswa okungalungile,
• isijeziso, futhi
• ukuqothulwa.

Ukuqinisa okuhle kwenzeka lapho ukuziphatha kuqiniswa (kwandiswa) ngokwethulwa kwesisusa esihle. Isibonelo, uma unikeza umuntu okuthile okuhle ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho enza okuthile ofuna akwenze, kusho ukuthi usebenzisa ukuqinisa okuhle.

Ukuqiniswa okungalungile kwenzeka lapho ukuziphatha kuqiniswa (kwandiswa) ngokukhishwa kwesisusa esibi. Isibonelo, uma uyeka ukubhema ugwayi ngoba ungafuni ukufa, kusho ukuthi usebenzisa i-negative reinforcement.

Ziyisijeziso

Isijeziso senzeka lapho ukuziphatha kujeziswa (kwehliswa) ngokwethulwa kwesisusa esibi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ushaya ingane yakho njalo lapho iziphatha kabi, kusho ukuthi usebenzisa isijeziso.

Ukuqothulwa

Ukushabalala kwenzeka lapho impatho ingasaqiniswa (noma ingajeziswa). Isibonelo, uma uyeka ukunikeza ingane yakho izibiliboco njalo lapho yenza okuthile ofuna ikwenze, kusho ukuthi usebenzisa ukushabalala.

Ukululama okuzenzakalelayo

Ukululama okuzenzakalelayo ukuvela kabusha kokuziphatha okucinywe ngaphambilini ngemva kwesikhathi lapho ukuziphatha kungazange kuqiniswe. Isibonelo, uma uyeka ukunikeza ingane yakho izibiliboco njalo lapho yenza okuthile ofuna ikwenze, kusho ukuthi usebenzisa ukushabalala. Kodwa-ke, uma ingane yakho iqala ukuziphatha kahle futhi ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphandle kokuphathwa, lokhu kuyisibonelo sokululama okuzenzakalelayo.

Inkumbulo engahlangene: Ukujwayela kanye Nokuzwela

Inkumbulo engahlangani wuhlobo lwenkumbulo olungafaki noma yikuphi ukuhlobana phakathi kwezinto noma izehlakalo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zenkumbulo engahlangene: ukujwayela kanye nokuzwela.Ukujwayela kuwuhlobo lwenkumbulo engahlangene eyenzeka lapho sijwayela isisusa esithile.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma sizwa ukukhala kwensimbi ngokuphindaphindiwe, ekugcineni sizoyeka ukuzwa umsindo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubuchopho bethu sebujwayele ukuzwa umsindo wensimbi futhi bayeka ukusabela kuwo.Ukuzwela kuwuhlobo lwenkumbulo engahlangani okwenzeka lapho sizwela kakhulu kusivuseleli esithile.

Esinye isibonelo, uma sichayeka kaningi ephunga le-ammonia, ekugcineni sizoqala ukugula lapho silihogela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubuchopho bethu buye bazwakalisa iphunga le-ammonia futhi baqala ukusabela kulo ngemizwa engemihle.

Ukuphrinta Njengohlobo Lwenkumbulo Ehlangene

Lokhu kuhlanganisa inqubo yokufunda nokukhumbula izici zento noma into ephilayo. Kuvame ukubonakala ezilwaneni, lapho isilwane esisanda kuzalwa sizofunda ngokushesha ukubona nokukhomba abazali baso.

UKonrad Lorenz wayengusosayensi wezinto eziphilayo waseJalimane owafunda ukunyathelisa ezilwaneni ngawo-1930. Wathola ukuthi uma usana lwenyoni noma esinye isilwane esincane sisuswa kubazali baso ngaphambi kokuba sithole ithuba lokuzwa ukuthi bangobani, kamuva sasigxilisa kunoma yiziphi izinto ezihambayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukhiphe inhlebo kunina bese uyibeka esibayeni namanye amadada, kamuva idada lalizonyathelisa kwamanye amadada bese liwalandela.

Ukukhohlisa kwenzeka lapho ngemva kokuzalwa kwesilwane futhi zakha ukunamathela entweni yokuqala esiyibonayo. U-Lorenz uthole ukuthi amadada amasha achanyuselwe azolandela into yokuqala enyakazayo ayibonayo - ngokuvamile u-Lorenz ngokwakhe.

Inkumbulo Nocwaningo Lwengqondo

Naphezu kwentuthuko yakamuva, kusenezinkinga ezibalulekile okufanele zixazululwe. Eziningi zalezo zinkinga zibandakanya izinqubo zamangqamuzana zokubuyiswa kweMemori kanye nokubola. Thatha isibonelo sezinqubo ezithonya amandla e-synaptic ama-neurons kuma-LTP e-hippocampus. Embikweni wabo, u-Hardt et. (I-2013) iphawule ukuthi nakuba izinqubo zamangqamuzana ezihilelekile ekusunguleni i-LTPC zichazwe ngokucacile, ukubola kwe-TPA yasekuqaleni nephuzile kusalokhu kungafundiwe.

Kulesi sihloko, kushiwo ukuthi kusenezinkinga ezibalulekile okufanele zixazululwe endaweni yeMemori. Enye inkinga enjalo ukubola kwe-TPA yakuqala neyokugcina sekwephuzile. Lokhu kubhekisela ekukhululweni kwe-Transient Presynaptic Acetylcholine, okuyisilinganiso sokuthi i-synapse iwadlulisela kahle kangakanani amasignali. I-athikili iphakamisa ukuthi ucwaningo olwengeziwe kufanele lwenziwe kule ndawo ukuze sithuthukise ukuqonda kwethu iMemori ngakho-ke sebenzisa eyethu ukuhlolwa kwememori.

Esinye isibonelo yindima ye-microglia ekukhunjweni kwenkumbulo. I-Microglia amangqamuzana avikela ubuchopho ekuthelelekeni nasezifweni. Baphinde bahileleke ohlelweni lokuvuvukala, okudingekayo ekuphulukiseni. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisile ukuthi i-microglia nayo ingadlala indima ekukhunjulweni kwenkumbulo. Ocwaningweni lukaTakahashi et al. (2013), kwatholakala ukuthi i-microglia iyadingeka ukuze kukhunjulwe ngempumelelo izinkumbulo kumagundane. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi i-microglia ingadingeka ukuze kukhunjulwe inkumbulo nakubantu.

Lezi yizibonelo ezimbili nje zezinkinga eziningi ezisadinga ukuxazululwa emkhakheni weMemori. Ngocwaningo olwengeziwe, sizokwazi ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi kanjani Inkumbulo iyasebenza nokuthi ungayithuthukisa kanjani It.

Umbuzo owodwa obalulekile abacwaningi abasazama ukuwuphendula ukuthi izinkumbulo zesikhathi eside zakhiwa futhi zigcinwe kanjani. Kukholakala ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zenkumbulo yesikhathi eside: ecacile nengacacile. Inkumbulo esobala, eyaziwa nangokuthi inkumbulo echazayo, iwuhlobo lwenkumbulo yesikhathi eside egcina ulwazi olungakhunjulwa ngokuqaphela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinkumbulo zamaqiniso nezehlakalo, kanye nezinkumbulo zomuntu siqu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkumbulo efihlekile iwuhlobo lwenkumbulo yesikhathi eside egcina ukwaziswa okungakhunjuzwanga. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinto ezifana namakhono nemikhuba.

Abacwaningi basazama ukuqonda ukuthi izinkumbulo ezisobala nezifihlekile zenziwa futhi zigcinwe kanjani. Omunye umbono uthi izinkumbulo ezisobala zigcinwa ku-hippocampus, kuyilapho izinkumbulo ezisobala zigcinwa ku-cerebellum. Nokho, lo mbono awukafakazelwa. Omunye umbono uwukuthi izinkumbulo ezicacile nezicacile zakha ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Isibonelo, izinkumbulo ezisobala zingase zakheke ngenqubo yokuhlanganisa, kuyilapho izinkumbulo ezifihlekile zingakheka ngenqubo yokuprakthiza.

Naphezu kwentuthuko yakamuva, kusekuningi okufanele kufundwe mayelana nokuthi izinkumbulo zesikhathi eside zakhiwa futhi zigcinwe kanjani. Ngocwaningo olwengeziwe, sizokwazi ukuqonda kangcono le nqubo futhi sithuthukise ikhono lethu lokwakha nokugcina izinkumbulo.

Njengoba kubonakala, kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zenkumbulo, ngayinye enezici zayo ezihlukile. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zenkumbulo kubalulekile ukuze siqonde ukuthi sikhumbula kanjani izinto nokuthi singayithuthukisa kanjani inkumbulo yethu.

Imfihlo yenkumbulo yomuntu isacutshungulwa, futhi kusekuningi esingakwazi. Nokho, ezinye izinto ziye zatholwa mayelana nendlela inkumbulo esebenza ngayo.

Into eyodwa ebalulekile okufanele uyiqonde ngenkumbulo yomuntu ukuthi akuyona nje into eyodwa. Inkumbulo empeleni yakhiwe izingxenye ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye inomsebenzi wayo ohlukile. Lezi zingxenye zihlanganisa i-hippocampus, i-cerebellum, ne-cortex.

I-Hippocampus

Uhlelo lwe-hippocampal lunesibopho sokwakheka kwezinkumbulo ezintsha. Iphinde ibandakanye ekuhlanganisweni kwezinkumbulo zesikhathi eside.

1. I-hippocampus inesibopho sokwakheka kwezinkumbulo ezintsha
2. Iphinde ibandakanye ekuhlanganisweni kwezinkumbulo zesikhathi eside
3. I-hippocampus itholakala ku-medial temporal lobe
4. Kubalulekile ekufundeni nasekukhumbuleni
5. Ukulimala kwe-hippocampus kungadala izinkinga zenkumbulo

I-Cerebellum

I-cerebellum inesibopho sokugcina izinkumbulo zesikhathi eside. I-cerebellum yethu itholakala engxenyeni engemuva yobuchopho. I-cerebellum inesibopho sokugcina izinkumbulo zesikhathi eside Itholakala engxenyeni engemuva yobuchopho. I-cerebellum ibalulekile ekufundeni kwezimoto nokulinganisela, ukulimala kwe-cerebellum kungabangela izinkinga zememori nokuphazamiseka kokunyakaza.

I-Cortex

I-cortex inesibopho sokubuyisa izinkumbulo. Lena ingxenye yobuchopho esetshenziswa lapho sizama ukukhumbula okuthile. I-cortex nayo inesibopho sezinzwa zethu, okuhlanganisa ukubona, ukuhogela, nokuthinta. I-cortex inesibopho sokuphakeme imisebenzi yokuqonda, njengokunaka, ulimi, nokuqonda. I-cortex nayo ihileleke ekubuyiseni izinkumbulo.

I-cortex yakha ingxenye enkulu yesisindo sobuchopho Kubalulekile ukwazi kanye nezinqubo zokucabanga.

The Ubuchopho unesibopho sayo yonke imicabango, imizwa, nezenzo zethu. Kuphinde kube nesibopho senkumbulo yethu. Ubuchopho buyisitho esiyinkimbinkimbi, futhi sisafunda ngemisebenzi yabo. Nokho, siyazi ukuthi ubuchopho bubalulekile ekuphileni komuntu.

Into eyodwa ethokozisayo ngenkumbulo yomuntu ukuthi ayiphelele. Eqinisweni, inkumbulo yomuntu ngokuvamile ayithembekile neze. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinkumbulo zethu ngokuvamile zithonywa imizwelo nezinkolelo zethu. Isibonelo, abantu ababona ubugebengu bavame ukukhumbula umcimbi ngendlela ehlukile kunabantu abangazange babone ubugebengu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinkumbulo zabo zithonywa isimo sabo semizwa ngesikhathi somcimbi.

Naphezu kokungapheleli kwayo, inkumbulo yomuntu iyikhono elimangalisayo elisivumela ukuba sigcine futhi sikhumbule inqwaba yokwaziswa.

Isixhumi esibonakalayo sekhompiyutha sika-Elon Musk esihlongozwayo singadinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe lokuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlelo zenkumbulo zisebenza kanjani ngokwebhayoloji. Lolu cwaningo luzosisiza ukuthi siqonde kangcono ukuthi izinkumbulo zakhiwe futhi zigcinwe kanjani, okungabaluleka ekwakheni ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo kobuchopho nekhompyutha.

Ucwaningo Lwenkumbulo Yesikhathi Eside

Abanye abacwaningi abaphenya inkumbulo yesikhathi eside uDkt. James McGaugh, uDkt. Endel Tulving, noDkt. Brenda Milner.

UDkt James McGaugh isazi sezinzwa osenze ucwaningo olunzulu ngenkumbulo yesikhathi eside. Uthole ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zenkumbulo yesikhathi eside, ngayinye enezici zayo ezihlukile. Uthole nokuthi inkumbulo yesikhathi eside ingaba ngcono ngokusebenzisa amadivaysi e-mnemonic nokwandisa ingqondo ukuvuselela.

Endel Tulving a ukuhlolwa kwengqondo isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esiqhube ucwaningo olunzulu ngenkumbulo ye-episodic (bheka ngezansi). Uthole ukuthi inkumbulo ye-episodic yakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili: ingxenye yokukhumbula kanye nengxenye yokuqwashisa.

Ingxenye yesikhumbuzo isho ikhono lokukhumbula imininingwane yomcimbi, futhi ingxenye yokuqwashisa isho ikhono lokukhumbula ukuthi ukhumbula umcimbi.

Uphinde wathola ukuthi i-episodic inkumbulo ingaphazamiseka ngokulimala kwe-hippocampus (isakhiwo ebuchosheni esibandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwenkumbulo).

UDkt. Brenda Milner uyi-neuropsychologist owenze ucwaningo nge-episodic memory kanye ne-amnesia (ukulahlekelwa kwememori). Uthole ukuthi abantu abane-amnesia basengakhumbula ulwazi olugcinwe kumemori ye-semantic (bheka ngezansi), kodwa abakwazi ukukhumbula ulwazi olugcinwe kumemori yesiqephu.

Bhalisela i-MemTrax - Sekela Umsebenzi Wethu

 

Izithenjwa zezifundo ezibuyekezwe ontanga:

-Hardt, O., Wang, Y., & Sheng, M. (2013). Izindlela zamamolekyuli zokwakheka kwenkumbulo. Ukubuyekezwa Kwemvelo Neuroscience, 14(11), 610-623.

-Takahashi, R., Katagiri, Y., Yokoyama, T., & Miyamoto, A. (2013). I-Microglia iyadingeka ukuze kubuyiswe ngempumelelo inkumbulo yokwesaba. I-Nature Communications, i-DOI:

Ashford, J. (2014). Imibono yokwakhiwa kwenkumbulo nokugcinwa. Kubuyiswe kusukela ku-https://www.ashford.edu/faculty/jashford/theories-of-memory-formation-and-storage

-Ashford, JW (2013). Imibono Yenkumbulo. Kubuyiswe ku-https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/memory-7/theories-of-memory-31/

-Baddley, A. (2012). Inkumbulo Yakho: Umhlahlandlela Womsebenzisi. London: Robinson.

-Ebbinghaus, H. (2013). Inkumbulo: Igalelo ku-Experimental Psychology. ENew York: I-Dover Publications.

-Squire, LR, Wixted, JT (2007). I-neuroscience yenkumbulo yomuntu kusukela ku-HM. Ukubuyekezwa Konyaka Kwe-Neuroscience, 30, 259-288. I-DOI:

-Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Inkumbulo: Igalelo ku-Experimental Psychology. ENew York: I-Dover Publications.

Ashford, J. (2011). Indima ye-medial temporal lobe kwinkumbulo esobala. Ukubuyekezwa Kwemvelo I-Neuroscience, i-12 (8), i-512-524.

Kulesi sihloko, i-Ashford ixoxa ngendima ye-medial temporal lobe kwinkumbulo ecacile. Uthi i-medial temporal lobe iyadingeka ukuze kwakhiwe izinkumbulo ezicacile. Ubuye axoxe ngokubaluleka kwe-hippocampus ekwakhekeni kwenkumbulo.

-Hardt, O., Nader, KA, & Wolf, M. (2013). Ukuhlanganiswa kwememori nokuhlanganiswa kabusha: umbono we-synaptic. Amathrendi kuma-neuroscience, 36(12), 610-618. doi:S0166-2236(13)00225-0 [pii]

Njengoba kubonakala, kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zenkumbulo, ngayinye enezici zayo ezihlukile. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zenkumbulo kubalulekile ukuze siqonde ukuthi sikhumbula kanjani izinto nokuthi singayithuthukisa kanjani inkumbulo yethu.