Izinto eziphambili okufuneka uzazi malunga neMithetho yoBucala beDatha

Njengoko sisiya sithembela ngakumbi kwitekhnoloji, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela iziphumo zomsebenzi wethu we-intanethi. Enye inkxalabo enkulu kubumfihlo bedatha: ngubani onokufikelela kulwazi lwethu lobuqu, kwaye lusetyenziswa njani? Ngelixa iinkampani zinoxanduva lokukhusela idatha yethu, kufuneka sizazi iindlela esabelana ngazo. Ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kobumfihlo bedatha kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo okukhusela ulwazi lwethu, sinokunceda ukugcina iinkcukacha zethu kunye nobomi bethu bobuqu bukhuselekile.  

Ubumfihlo bedatha bubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Kuyanceda ukugcina ulwazi lwethu lukhuselekile kubaduni kunye nabanye ootsotsi be-cyber. Imithetho yabucala yedatha inokunceda ukukhusela iinkcukacha zethu zobuqu zingasetyenziselwa ubusela okanye ezinye izinto zobuqhophololo. Ukongeza, imithetho yabucala yedatha inokunceda ukuthintela amashishini ekusebenziseni iinkcukacha zethu zobuqu ngeenjongo zokuthengisa. Okokugqibela, ubumfihlo bedatha bubalulekile kuba businika ulawulo lokuba ngubani onokufikelela kulwazi lwethu lobuqu. Nazi izinto eziphezulu ekufuneka uzazi malunga nemithetho yabucala yedatha ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Imithetho yeemfihlo zedatha inokunceda ukukhusela iinkcukacha zethu zobuqu zingasetyenziselwa ubusela besazisi okanye ezinye izenzo zobuqhophololo.

Imithetho yabucala yedatha yase-US

Imithetho yabucala yedatha eUnited States yimithetho yelizwe, kunye nemithetho embalwa yobumbano ephoswe kunye. Akukho mthetho womanyano olawula ubumfihlo bedatha kuwo onke amashishini kunye namacandelo, oshiya iinkampani ukuba zijonge indlela yazo kulo mhlaba unzima. Kodwa kukho iindaba ezimnandi: nangona kungekho mthetho ubanzi wokhuseleko lwedatha oquka yonke into, kukho iziqendu ezingundoqo zomthetho eziphembelela indlela iinkampani eziphatha ngayo iinkcukacha zobuqu.

Imithetho yabucala yedatha 

  • Imithetho yabucala yedatha yelizwe iyafana nemithetho yabucala yedatha yomanyano kuba zombini zifuna ukuba iinkampani zikhusele iinkcukacha zobuqu zabathengi.
  • Umzekelo, uninzi lwemithetho yabucala yedatha karhulumente ifuna ukuba iinkampani zikhusele ngokwaneleyo iinkcukacha zobuqu zabathengi kunye nabasebenzi bazo. Iimfuno ezithile ziyahluka ngokwelizwe kwaye zihlala zixhomekeke kuhlobo lweshishini oliqhubayo (umzekelo, amaziko emali kufuneka ahlangabezane nemigangatho ethile yokukhusela ulwazi olubuthathaka).
  • Ukongeza, onke amazwe angama-50 anomthetho olawula indlela amaqumrhu ecandelo labucala anokuqokelela, asebenzise kwaye aveze iinkcukacha zomntu ngamnye (PII). Ngelixa le mithetho ye-PII yelizwe yahluka ngokubanzi, uninzi lujongana nemiba ephambili efanayo njengomthetho womanyano: isaziso; imvume phambi kokuqokelela okanye ukuxela iPII; izaziso zokwaphulwa kokhuseleko; amalungelo okufikelela; ii-arhente zokunika ingxelo ngetyala; ukusetyenziswa kwezintlu ezinovakalelo ezifana nobuhlanga okanye inkolo; izithintelo ekuthengisweni okanye ekugqithisweni kwePII ngaphandle kwemvume; imida kwiindlela zokuqokelela ezisetyenziswa ziinkampani eziqokelela iPII kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-13 ubudala; iinkqubo zokulungisa iimpazamo kwiirekhodi zePII ezilondolozwe ngamaqumrhu aquka ababoneleli bezempilo abafana nezibhedlele ezigcina iirekhodi zonyango eziqulethe ulwazi olubuthathaka lwezempilo malunga nezigulana kuquka iidilesi zegama le-SSNs imihla yokuzalwa iinombolo zefowuni, njl.

Umthetho wabucala wabathengi waseCalifornia (CCPA) 

UMthetho waBucala woMthengi waseCalifornia ka-2018 ngumthetho omtsha wabucala wedatha ofuna ukuba amashishini anike abahlali baseCalifornia isaziso malunga nokuqokelela kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenkcukacha zabo zobuqu. I-CCPA iqalise ukusebenza nge-1 kaJanuwari 2020. 

I-CCPA isebenza kulo naliphi na ishishini (1) elenza ushishino eKhalifoniya, (2) lingabanini okanye lilayisenisi idatha malunga nabemi baseKhalifoniya, okanye (3) baqokelele idatha yentengiso ekujoliswe kuyo eKhalifoniya. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iimeko-umzekelo, ayisebenzi:

  • Amashishini anabasebenzi abangaphantsi kwama-50 kwaye ingeniso yawo yonke yonyaka evela kuyo yonke imithombo ayidluli kwi-50 yezigidi zeedola;
  • Amashishini aqokelela kuphela idatha "engakhathaliyo" kubathengi okanye abasebenzisi njengoko kuchazwe ngumthetho; kwaye
  • Amashishini umsebenzi wawo ekuphela kwawo kukusetyenzwa kwekhadi letyala.

Umthetho wamaLungelo aBucala waseCalifornia (CPRA) 

UMthetho waMalungelo aBucala waseCalifornia, okanye i-CPRA, ngumthetho welizwe okhusela abahlali baseCalifornia ekubeni iinkcukacha zabo zobuqu ziqokelelwe ziinkampani kwaye zisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezingezizo ezo bazibhalisele. Umzekelo, ukuba umsebenzisi uyasayina ukuze afumane ii-imeyile zentengiso kodwa akafuni ukuba ulwazi lwakhe lwabelwane nabantu besithathu njengeebhanki okanye iinkampani zeenqwelomoya, banokulindela inkampani asebenzisana nayo ukuba ihloniphe loo minqweno.

Ipasiswe ngoNovemba ka-2020, iCPRA isebenza kuwo nawuphi na umbutho oqokelela idatha yabantu baseCalifornian ngaphakathi kwelizwe (nokuba ayilokomkhulu lalapho), nokuba loo mbutho ubuyiqokelele na imvume kubasebenzisi ngaphambi kokuqokelela ulwazi lwabo. Ibandakanya amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala kunye namaphepha-mvume okuqhuba kunye needilesi ze-imeyile kunye neenombolo zomnxeba-ngokusisiseko nantoni na esetyenziswayo njengesazisi esinokubotshelelwa emva kumntu ngamnye.

UMthetho woKhuseleko lweDatha yoMthengi waseVirginia (CDPA)  

Ngomhla wesi-2 kuMatshi ka-2021, iNdibano Jikelele yaseVirginia yamkele uMthetho woKhuseleko lweDatha yoMthengi (CDPA). Umthetho omtsha uya kusebenza ngomhla woku-1 kuJulayi, 2021. I-CDPA ikhusela amalungelo abucala abathengi ngokuseka iimfuno ezintsha kwiinkampani eziqokelela kunye nokugcina idatha yobuqu. Eli nqaku liza kubandakanya amanye amagatya aphambili alo mthetho kunye neziphumo zawo kumashishini asebenza eVirginia.

Yintoni eFundiweyo phantsi kweCDPA?

Inkcazo "yenkcazelo yobuqu" ibanzi, ibandakanya zombini iinkcukacha ezifumaneka esidlangalaleni kunye nolwazi olunokuchonga umntu (PII). I-PII ibandakanya igama lokuqala, kunye nefani; Inombolo yokhuseleko lasekuhlaleni; ilayisenisi yokuqhuba okanye inombolo yekhadi lesazisi elikhutshwe ngurhulumente; iinombolo zeakhawunti yezemali; amanani ekhadi letyala/lebhanki; ulwazi lwezonyango kuquka iinombolo zebango le-inshorensi yezempilo okanye iinombolo zeakhawunti yezonyango; idatha eyodwa yebhayometriki efana neminwe okanye iretina scans/iris scans; Imifanekiso yobuso obugcweleyo yabanjwa ngekhamera yedijithali okanye ikhamera ye-smartphone enesoftware yokubona ubuso efakwe kuyo, nokuba igcinwe okwethutyana kwimemori khadi yesixhobo ngelo xesha ngaphambi kokuba ilayishwe kwenye indawo kamva (umz., Facebook), njalo njalo...

UMthetho waBucala waseColorado (CPA) 

I-Colorado Privacy Act (CPA) ngumthetho welizwe okhusela ubumfihlo bakho bedatha. Ngelixa urhulumente wobumbano ebezama ukwenza imithetho yelizwe malunga nobumfihlo bedatha, i-CPA igqwesile kweminye imithetho yelizwe kuba ayivumeli iinkampani ukuba zabelane ngedatha yakho namaqela esithathu ngaphandle kokuba ungenile.

Olu hlobo lomthetho lwahlukile kwi-GDPR kuba lusebenza kuphela ngaphakathi kweColorado kwaye lubandakanya kuphela ulwazi lomntu, ngelixa i-GDPR isebenza kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye iquka zonke iintlobo zolwazi lomntu obuthathaka. Ukongeza, CPA isebenza kuphela ukuba ungumhlali okanye ummi e Colorado-nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukuba uhlala kwelinye ilizwe kodwa ube namaqhina Colorado (ezifana nokuba nepropati okanye ukuchitha ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintandathu apho), ngoko CPA usaya kusebenza.

New York SHIELD Act 

Umthetho weNew York SHIELD ngumthetho wabucala wedatha okhusela abathengi ekubeni idatha yabo iqokelelwe ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Umthetho waphunyezwa ngo-2019 kwaye waqala ukusebenza nge-1 kaJanuwari 2020. Lo mthetho ubambe abathengisi beqela lesithathu uxanduva lokwaphulwa kwedatha yabathengi, okuthetha ukuba iinkampani ezifana ne-Facebook, Google kunye ne-Uber zinokunyanzeliswa ukuba zihlawule umonakalo ukuba ziyasilela ukukhusela. ulwazi olugcinwe kwiiseva zabo. Ukongeza ekukhuseleni abathengi kwingqokelela engagunyaziswanga yolwazi lomntu ngabantu besithathu, ikwafuna ukuba iinkampani zibazise kwiiyure ezingama-72 ukuba kukho ukophulwa kokhuseleko okanye ukubhengezwa okungagunyaziswanga kolwazi lomntu.

UMthetho waBucala woMthengi wase-Utah 

Nazi izinto eziphezulu ekufuneka uzazi malunga noMthetho waBucala woMthengi wase-Utah (UCPPA):

  • Lo mthetho usebenza kumashishini aqokelela okanye asebenzisa ulwazi lomntu siqu lwabahlali base-Utah. Oku kubandakanya iintengiselwano ze-intanethi kunye ne-offline.
  • Amashishini kufuneka achaze indlela aqokelela, aqhuba ngayo, kwaye ayigcina njani inkcazelo yabathengi kumgaqo-nkqubo wabo wabucala okanye ezinye izixhobo zesaziso.

Connecticut kaThixo Data wabucala uMthetho 

I-Connecticut Personal Information Protection Act (CPIPA) yapasiswa kwi-2005, kwaye inamacandelo asithoba. Ngumthetho wokhuseleko lwabathengi osebenzayo kwiinkampani eziqokelela okanye ezisebenzisa ulwazi lomntu malunga nabahlali baseConnecticut. Ngokukodwa, oku kubandakanya:

  • Ii-arhente zokunika ingxelo ngetyala
  • Abaqokeleli bamatyala
  • “Amaziko ezemali” (iibhanki kunye neemanyano zamatyala)

Umgaqo woKhuseleko lweDatha ngokubanzi (GDPR) 

Umgaqo woKhuseleko lweDatha ngokubanzi (GDPR) yiseti yemithetho yendlela iinkampani kufuneka ziphathe ngayo idatha yomuntu siqu yabemi be-EU. I-GDPR isebenze ukususela ngoMeyi 2018, kwaye isebenza kuyo nayiphi na inkampani eqhuba idatha yobuqu yabemi be-EU. Oku kubandakanya zonke iinkampani ezise-EU, nokuba azinayo iofisi eYurophu.

I-GDPR ikhusela amalungelo akho njengomntu onolwazi lomntu siqu lusetyenzwa lishishini okanye omnye umbutho. Kukwafuna ukuba imibutho icace malunga nendlela abalungisa ngayo idatha yakho, kuquka uhlobo lwedatha abayiqokelelayo kwaye kutheni beyiqokelela; bazakugcina ixesha elingakanani ulwazi lwakho; ngawaphi amanyathelo okhuseleko abanawo; njl. 

isiphelo

Imithetho yabucala yedatha ilapha ukuhlala. I-General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) bubungqina baloo nto. Lo mmiselo ufuna iinkampani zigcine idatha yazo ikhuselekile kwaye ikhuselekile, kwaye ikwanika abantu ulawulo olungakumbi kulwazi lwabo lobuqu. I-GDPR ngumthetho obanzi we-EU oya kuchaphazela onke amashishini aqokelela idatha yomuntu siqu kubemi be-EU. Ke ukuba uqokelela ulwazi ngaye nabani na eYurophu - nokuba ungumqeshwa okanye umthengi - lixesha lokuba uqale ngoku ukulungiselela. 

Imithetho yabucala yedatha ilapha ukuhlala.
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