Iintlobo zeenkumbulo

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeenkumbulo. Olu hlobo lwenkumbulo lusebenza injongo ethile ekusincedeni sikhumbule ulwazi. Ukuba ungathanda ukufunda malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zememori ngokweenkcukacha siya kuyo ngokunzulu ngakumbi kwinqaku - Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeMemori.

IiNkqubo zeMemori yoMntu

Inkumbulo yomntu iyamangalisa, kwaye izazinzulu zisasebenza ukuqonda izinto ezingaqondakaliyo kunye nobuchule bayo. Inkumbulo inokwahlulwa ngokubanzi ibe ziindidi ezintathu: inkumbulo yokusebenza, inkumbulo yexesha elifutshane, kunye nenkumbulo yexesha elide.

Isebenza njani inkumbulo yomntu?

Imemori esebenzayo kulapho ulwazi lusetyenzwa ngokusebenzayo kwaye lusetyenziswa. Inkumbulo yexesha elifutshane kulapho ulwazi lugcinwa khona okwexeshana, umzekelo, xa uphinda inombolo yomnxeba kuwe ukuze ukwazi ukuyikhumbula. Inkumbulo yeemvakalelo ikhumbula inkcazelo eqondwa ngezamvo, njengesandi selizwi lomntu okanye ukubona ubuso. Xa sikhumbula iinkumbulo, zihlala zidlula kuzo zonke ezi zigaba ngaphambi kokuba zigcinwe kwimemori yexesha elide.

Inkumbulo yexesha elifutshane icacisiwe

Inkumbulo yexesha elifutshane, ekwabizwa ngokuba yinkumbulo esebenzayo, luhlobo lwenkumbulo olusivumela ukuba sikhumbule kwaye siqhube ulwazi ixesha elifutshane. Le nkumbulo ibalulekile kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla njengokukhumbula inombolo yefowuni ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuyicofa okanye ukukhumbula into ekufuneka uyithenge kwivenkile yokutya.

Inkumbulo yexesha elifutshane kukholelwa ukuba igcinwe kwi-prefrontal cortex kunye ne-hippocampus yengqondo. Umthamo wenkumbulo yexesha elifutshane ujikeleze izinto ezisixhenxe, dibanisa okanye thabatha ezimbini. Oku kuthetha ukuba umntu unokukhumbula phakathi kwezinto ezintlanu ukuya kwezilithoba ngaxeshanye.

Ubude benkumbulo yexesha elifutshane bukwacingelwa ukuba bulinganiselwe. Enye ithiyori icebisa ukuba inkumbulo yexesha elifutshane inokugcina ulwazi ukuya kuthi ga kwimizuzwana engama-30. Noko ke, olunye uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba abantu banokukhumbula inkcazelo kangangexesha elide xa becelwa ukuba benze umsebenzi othile, njengokuphinda loo nkcazelo ngokuvakalayo okanye ukuyisebenzisela ukucombulula ingxaki ethile.

Enye indlela yokucinga ngenkumbulo yexesha elifutshane ifana nencwadana yokubhala engqondweni. Kusivumela ukuba sibhale phantsi iinkcukacha ezimbalwa ukuze sizisebenzise kamva. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba asiludluliseli ulwazi olusuka kwinkumbulo yethu yexesha elifutshane ukuya kwinkumbulo yexesha elide, luya kulibaleka ekugqibeleni.

Inkumbulo yexesha elide icacisiwe.

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zememori yexesha elide: iinkumbulo zesemantic, ze-episodic, kunye nenkqubo.

Inkumbulo yeSemantic ibhekisa kwingqokelela yolwazi jikelele malunga nehlabathi. Oku kubandakanya ulwazi malunga neengqikelelo, izimvo, kunye nezibakala. Le nkumbulo isenza sazi ukuba yintoni isitulo kunye nendlela yokusisebenzisa.

Inkumbulo ye-episodic ibhekisa kumava ethu obuqu kunye neenkumbulo. Le nkumbulo isenza sikwazi ukukhumbula into esiyenze izolo okanye apho siye eholideyini kunyaka ophelileyo.

Inkumbulo yenkqubo inoxanduva lokukwazi kwethu ukufunda izakhono ezitsha kunye nokwenza imisebenzi ethile. Le nkumbulo isinceda sibophe izihlangu zethu, sikhwele ibhayisekile, okanye siqhube imoto.

Zontathu iindidi zenkumbulo yexesha elide zibalulekile kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Ngaphandle kwememori ye-semantic, asikwazi ukunxibelelana nabanye okanye ukuqonda ihlabathi elisingqongileyo. Inkumbulo ye-episodic ibalulekile kwimpilo yethu kwaye isinceda sinxibelelane nabanye. Inkumbulo yenkqubo ibalulekile ekwenzeni uninzi lwemisebenzi esiyithatha lula.

Ngelixa zonke iintlobo ezintathu zememori yexesha elide zibalulekile, inkumbulo ye-semantic kunye ne-episodic yeyona ifundwe kakuhle. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba imemori yenkqubo inokuba ngumngeni ngakumbi ekufundeni kuba ihlala icacile, oku kuthetha ukuba asiyazi izakhono okanye ulwazi esilufumeneyo.

Nokuba i-semantic, i-episodic, okanye inkqubo, zonke iinkumbulo zexesha elide zigcinwa kwingqondo. Indawo echanekileyo yezi nkumbulo ayaziwa, kodwa izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba zisasazwe kuyo yonke i-cortex. I-cortex ngumaleko ongaphandle kwengqondo kwaye inoxanduva lwemisebenzi emininzi ephezulu, efana nolwimi kunye nokwenza izigqibo.

Imisebenzi yeMemori eSebenzayo icacisiwe

Usenokuba uqhelene negama elithi “inkumbulo yokusebenza” kwiintsuku zakho zasesikolweni. Imemori yokusebenza luhlobo lwenkumbulo ekuvumela ukuba ubambe ulwazi ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyisebenzise. Yinto ekuvumela ukuba ukhumbule inombolo yefowuni ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuyicofa okanye ukhumbule umyalelo omde ngokwaneleyo ukuba uwulandele.

Ibalulekile kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla kodwa inokuba yimfuneko eklasini. Kungenxa yokuba abafundi kufuneka bakwazi ukukhumbula ulwazi ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze baluqonde kwaye balusebenzise kumsebenzi wabo.

Imemori yokusebenza, luhlobo lwenkumbulo ekuvumela ukuba ubambe ulwazi ixesha elifutshane ukuze ukwazi ukulisebenzisa. Le nkumbulo ibalulekile kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla njengokukhumbula inombolo yefowuni okanye ukulandela imiyalelo.

Inkumbulo yeemvakalelo

Iinkumbulo ezingevayo zisikhumbuza ngamava eemvakalelo, njengaloo nto siyibonayo, siyivayo, siyivayo okanye siyijongileyo. Ayibandakanyi ukusetyenzwa kwengqondo kwaye iphela ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokuba "ifakwe kwikhowudi" kwimemori yexesha elifutshane okanye ixesha elide.

Inkumbulo Engafihliyo

Iinkumbulo ezifihlakeleyo, ezikwabizwa ngokuba yinkumbulo engachazwanga, luhlobo lwenkumbulo yexesha elide engadingi ingcinga zingqondweni ukuze iphinde ibuye. Luhlobo lwenkumbulo esiyisebenzisayo xa sisenza izakhono okanye imisebenzi eye yazenzekela, njengokukhwela ibhayisekile okanye ukubopha izihlangu zethu.

Inkumbulo ecacileyo

Inkumbulo ecacileyo ibhekisa kuhlobo lwenkumbulo yexesha elide esivumela ukuba sikhumbule ulwazi ngononophelo. Iinkumbulo ezicacileyo ziquka iinkumbulo zabantu, iindawo, iziganeko, kunye namava. Iinkumbulo zeSemantic luhlobo lwenkumbulo ecacileyo egcina ulwazi jikelele malunga nehlabathi, njengamagama amazwe okanye i-United States' capital. Inkumbulo ye-Episodic lolunye uhlobo lwenkumbulo ecacileyo egcina iziqendu okanye iziganeko ezithile kubomi bethu, njengeholide ethile okanye itheko lokuzalwa.

Inkumbulo ye-Iconic

Luhlobo lwenkumbulo yoluvo oluphathelele kulwazi olubonwayo. Isazi ngengqondo yengqondo u-Ulric Neisser waqala ukuyiphakamisa ngo-1967.

Nangona kunjalo, inkumbulo ye-iconic ayifezekanga. Uphononongo olwenziwa nguSperling (1960) lwafumanisa ukuba abantu banokukhumbula kuphela malunga nezinto ezine kuluhlu lweshumi elinesibini elinikezelwe nje imizuzwana embalwa.

Ngelixa inkumbulo yethu yomfanekiso ingafezekanga, iseyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yendlela esiqhuba ngayo kwaye sikhumbule ulwazi. Ivumela ukuba sigcine ngokukhawuleza ulwazi olubonakalayo ukuze sikwazi ukufikelela kuyo kamva.

Autobiographical Memory.

Inkumbulo ye-autobiographical yinkumbulo yethu yeziganeko ezithile ezenzeke kuthi. Olu hlobo lwenkumbulo luhlala lucacile kwaye lucacile. Sinokuzikhumbula ezi ziganeko 'ngubani, ntoni, phi, nini, yaye ngoba. Iinkumbulo ze-autobiographical zihlala zivuya- njengokuncamisa kokuqala okanye ukuphumelela. Kodwa zinokuba yingozi, njengengozi yemoto okanye ukufelwa ngumntu omthandayo.

Inkumbulo ye-Echoic.

Inkumbulo ye-echoic yinkumbulo yethu yezivuseleli ezivayo- oko sikuvayo. Kucingelwa ukuba inokuhlala ukuya kuthi ga kwimizuzwana emine. Olu hlobo lwenkumbulo lubalulekile kwizinto ezifana nokulandela iincoko kunye nokukhumbula izandi ezilumkisayo. Idla ngokuthelekiswa neteyiphu rekhoda- kuthatha nje imizuzwana embalwa ukugcina ulwazi.

FAQ

Sizikhumbula njani iinkumbulo?

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeememori: ukukhumbula simahla, ukukhumbula okucoliweyo, kunye nokukhumbula okulandelelanayo. Ukukhanya, ayilungile.

Ukukhumbula simahla kuxa sizama ukukhumbula uluhlu lwezinto ngaphandle kweempawu. Ukukhumbula ngokukhawuleza kuxa sinikwa ngokukhawuleza okanye icebiso lokusinceda sikhumbule ulwazi. Ukukhumbula uthotho kuxa kufuneka sikhumbule izinto ngolandelelwano oluthile.

Imimandla yobuchopho eyahlukeneyo inoxanduva lwemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yenkumbulo. I-hippocampus inoxanduva lokukhumbula ixesha elide kunye nokuhamba kwendawo. I-amygdala inoxanduva lweenkumbulo zengqondo. I-prefrontal cortex inoxanduva lwememori yokusebenza kunye nokukhumbula inkumbulo yexesha elifutshane.

Ngawaphi amalungu obuchopho anxulunyaniswa nokukhumbula inkumbulo?

Ihippocampus yinxalenye yengqondo enxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokukhumbula inkumbulo. Le ndawo ye ingqondo inoxanduva ukugcina iinkumbulo ixesha elide. I-amygdala yenye inxalenye yengqondo enokuchaphazela ukukhumbula imemori. Le ndawo yengqondo inoxanduva lokuphendula ngokweemvakalelo kwaye inokuchaphazela indlela umntu akhumbula ngayo isiganeko.

Ngaba ezinye iinkumbulo zichaneke ngakumbi kunezinye?

Kuyavela ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkumbulo, kwaye ezinye zichaneke ngakumbi kunezinye. Umzekelo, ukukhumbula inkumbulo kuxa unokukhumbula into ngaphandle kweempawu. Olu hlobo lwenkumbulo luhlala luchaneka kancinci kunezinye iindidi kuba lusekwe kwinkumbulo yakho yesiganeko.

Ngaba sinokubuphucula ubuchule bethu bokukhumbula inkumbulo?

Impendulo nguewe; singa.

Ubuchopho bethu busebenza kwiintlobo ezintathu zenkcazelo yeemvakalelo: ebonwayo, eyevayo, neyengqondo. Uhlobo ngalunye lolwazi lweemvakalelo lusetyenzwa ngokwahlukileyo bubuchopho bethu.

Inkumbulo yexesha elifutshane ebonwayo ibhekisa kwizinto esizibonayo. Ubuchopho bethu busebenza ngolwazi olubonakalayo ngokwahlukileyo kunolwazi lokuva okanye lwe-kinesthetic. Xa sibona into ethile, ingqondo yethu yenza umfanekiso wayo engqondweni. Lo mfanekiso wengqondo ugcinwe kwinkumbulo yethu yesikhashana ebonwayo.

Inkumbulo yexesha elifutshane yokuvayo ibhekisa kwizinto esizivayo. Yethu ngengqondo uqhuba ulwazi oluvayo ngokwahlukileyo kunolwazi olubonwayo okanye lwekinesthetic. Xa sisiva into ethile, ingqondo yethu imela isandi. Oku kubonakaliswa kwengqondo kugcinwa kwimemori yethu yexesha elifutshane lokuva.

Inkumbulo yexesha elifutshane yeKinesthetic ibhekisa kwizinto esizivayo. Ingqondo yethu isebenza ngolwazi lwekinesthetic ngokwahlukileyo kunolwazi olubonakalayo okanye oluvakalayo. Xa thina Yiva into ethile, ingqondo yethu imele ngokubonakalayo imvakalelo. Oku kubonakaliswa kwengqondo kugcinwa kwimemori yethu ye-kinesthetic yexesha elifutshane.

Zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokukhumbula inkumbulo?

Enye indlela yokukhumbula inkumbulo yinkumbulo yeefoto okanye imemori ye-eidetic. Oku kwenzeka xa umntu ekhumbula umfanekiso ngokweenkcukacha emva kokuwubona kube kanye kuphela. Kuqikelelwa ukuba phakathi kwesibini neshumi ekhulwini labantu abanale mandla.

Olunye uhlobo lokukhumbula inkumbulo lubizwa ngokuba yimisebenzi entsonkothileyo, ebhekisa ekukwazini ukukhumbula indlela yokwenza into emva kokuyibona yenziwe kanye. Le nkumbulo idla ngokubonwa ebuntwaneni xa abantwana befunda ukubopha izihlangu zabo okanye ukukhwela ibhayisekile.

Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke iinkumbulo ezenziwe ngokulinganayo. Abanye imidlalo yezibalo epholileyo inokunceda ingqondo yakho. Abanye abantu banengxaki yokungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkumbulo, nto leyo enokwenza kube nzima ukukhumbula kwanemisebenzi elula. Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkumbulo kunokubangelwa zizinto ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka iminyaka, ukwenzakala nezifo.