Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zememori: ixesha elifutshane, ixesha elide, kunye neemvakalelo. Uhlobo ngalunye lwenkumbulo lusebenza ngenjongo eyahlukileyo, kwaye lubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Makhe sihlolisise uhlobo ngalunye lwememori ngokweenkcukacha, kwaye sichaze indlela esebenza ngayo. Kwakhona siza kuthetha ngokubaluleka kohlobo ngalunye lwenkumbulo, size sinike imizekelo yokunceda ukubonisa indlela esetyenziswa ngayo.

Ziziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zememori?

Imfihlelo yoku umntu inkumbulo isaphononongwa, kwaye kusekho okuninzi esingakwaziyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izinto ziye zafunyanwa malunga nendlela imemori esebenza ngayo.

inye into ebalulekileyo ukuqonda malunga nenkumbulo yomntu kukuba ayisiyonto nje enye. Inkumbulo eneneni yenziwe ngamalungu ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linomsebenzi walo owahlukileyo. Ezi ndawo ziquka i-hippocampus, i-cerebellum, kunye ne-cortex.

Abaphandi bayazazi iinkumbulo zabantu kunye neenkqubo zayo kodwa zihlala zingenalwazi malunga nokuba idatha yememori igcinwa kwaye ikhunjulwe njani engqondweni. Kweli nqaku siphonononga iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqonda kunye nezicwangciso zokuqikelela ukuba singenza njani imephu inkqubo yobuchopho kwimemori. Uninzi abantu bakholelwa ukuba kukho iintlobo ezimbalwa zeenkumbulo ngelixa abanye beqikelela ukuba inkumbulo yayo yexesha elifutshane kunye nenkumbulo yexesha elide.

Masithathe umzuzwana sihlolisise i-plethora ye iinkqubo zememori ichongiwe njenge-2022: inkumbulo yeemvakalelo, imemori yezithombe, imemori yokuva, imemori yenkqubo, imemori ye-iconic, imemori ye-echoic, imemori yeprayimari neyesibini, imemori ye-episodic, imemori yendawo ebonakalayo, imemori ye-echoic, imemori eyaziwayo, imemori engazi nto, imemori ye-semantic, imemori ye-haptic, inkumbulo yexesha elifutshane, inkumbulo edibeneyo, inkumbulo yethutyana, inkumbulo echazayo, inkumbulo yokukhumbula, inkumbulo ebonwayo, inkumbulo yexesha elide, inkumbulo ye-eidetic, inkumbulo ye-olfactory, i-Pavlovian classical conditioning, i-Konrad Lorentz imprinting, i-operating conditioning (i-slot machine BF Skinner), incasa yokungcamla. (UGarcia).

Kukho izinto ezifunyenweyo eziphikisanayo kulo lonke icandelo le uphando lwenkumbulo kulwakhiwo kunye nolungiselelo lwezi ndidi zeenkumbulo ngoko ke ndiza kuzidwelisa apha ngendlela engacwangciswanga. Ukulwa kwangoku kuphando kuya kubonisa ubunzima obukhulu be Ingqondo yomntu, omnye weyona mida yethu inomdla engekafunyanwa.

Amanqanaba enkumbulo: Inkumbulo yexesha elifutshane kunye neyexesha elide

Enye indlela ukuqonda inkumbulo kukuqonda inkumbulo yexesha elikhunjulwayo. Oku indlela ibonisa ukuba kwimemori yoluvo ulwazi luqala kwinkumbulo yexesha elifutshane kwaye luphele kwinkumbulo yexesha elide.

Ngaba lixesha elifutshane kuphela apho imemori ihamba ukusuka kwisitoreji sexesha elifutshane ukuya kwindawo yokugcina ixesha elide? Ukukhumbula inkumbulo kunomdla ngokwenene xa ukhangela iinkqubo ezizilawulayo phakathi kokudutyulwa kweebhiliyoni zeeneurons ebuchotsheni bethu..

Kodwa ayilulo lonke ulwazi oludlula kwinkqubo yolwazi kunye nenkqubo yezengqondo ukuya kwinqanaba lokugqibela, ukuphumla kushiywe ukuba kuphele njengeenkumbulo zethutyana. Indlela idatha eqhutywe ngayo igqitywa yi indlela yokufikelela ulwazi kwixesha elifutshane lememori.

Inkumbulo esisiseko, eyaziwa ngokuba yinkumbulo yexesha elifutshane, yinkumbulo esiyisebenzisayo ukugcina ulwazi ixesha elifutshane. Olu lwazi lunokuba nantoni na ukusuka kwinombolo yefowuni ukuya kwiinkcukacha zencoko. Uninzi lolwazi kwimemori yokuqala lulahlekile phakathi kwemizuzu okanye iiyure, nangona ulwazi oluthile lunokugcinwa ukuya kuthi ga kusuku.

Inkumbulo yesibini, eyaziwa ngokuba yinkumbulo yexesha elide, yinkumbulo esiyisebenzisayo ukugcina ulwazi ixesha elide. Olu lwazi lunokuba yiyo nantoni na ukusuka kwigama lesilwanyana sethu sokuqala ukuya kumhla esazalwa ngawo. Uninzi lolwazi kwimemori yesibini lugcinwe ngokusisigxina.

Inkumbulo ephezulu luhlobo olucetywayo lwenkumbulo ekucingelwa ukuba ithatha ixesha elide kunememori yesibini. Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba inkumbulo ephakamileyo inokuba noxanduva lolunye uhlobo lolwazi olufana nolwazi lwe-orsemantic. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku abukho ubungqina besayensi bokuxhasa imemori yenqanaba eliphezulu.

Ingcamango yenkumbulo ephakamileyo inika umdla, uhlobo olucetywayo lwenkumbulo ekucingelwa ukuba luhlala ixesha elide kunenkumbulo yesibini. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba imemori ephezulu inokuba noxanduva lolunye uhlobo lolwazi, njengolwazi malunga neengqikelelo zesemantic.

Ulwazi lweSemantic lubhekisa ekuqondeni kwethu intsingiselo nokusetyenziswa kwamagama, kwaye kucingelwa ukuba lugcinwe kwi ingqondo kwindawo eyahlukileyo kwiinkumbulo ze-episodic.

Iindidi zememori: Funda ngakumbi malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zememori

Iinkumbulo zinokwahluka kakhulu. Zininzi izinto izazinzulu ezingaziqondiyo malunga nokuqonda komntu. Masiphande uhlobo ngalunye lwenkqubo yememori yomntu kwaye sizame ukuqonda ngcono indlela yethu ukusebenza kwengqondo.

Imemori yesikhashana

Uninzi lolwazi olungena kwinkumbulo yoluvo lwengqondo luyalityalwa, kodwa ulwazi esigxila kulo, ngenjongo yenkumbulo, lunokudlulela kwinkumbulo yexesha elifutshane. Qwalasela amawaka eentengiso, abantu, kunye nemisitho oboniswa kuyo yonke imihla, lulwazi oluninzi kakhulu ukuba ungalugcina. Imemori yexesha elifutshane - STM okanye iMemori emfutshane - imemori apho idatha encinci inokugcinwa imizuzwana emininzi okanye ngaphantsi.

Inkumbulo yexesha elifutshane alugcini ulwazi ngokusisigxina, kwaye lunokwenziwa kuphela emva koko kwaye iinkqubo ezisetyenziselwa ukuqonda, ukuguqula, ukutolika kunye nokugcina ulwazi kwimemori (SM) kuthiwa yimemori yokusebenza.

Imemori yexesha elifutshane kunye nememori yokusebenza

Ixesha elifutshane kunye nokusebenza inkumbulo zitshintshana ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye zombini zibhekisa kuphela ekugcineni idatha ixesha elifutshane. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza inkumbulo yahlulwe ngokwendalo yayo kwinkumbulo yexesha elifutshane kuba inkumbulo esebenzayo ifuna ikakhulu ukugcina okwethutyana ulwazi oluye lwenziwa ngengqondo. ilungisiwe.

Kwiinkumbulo zexeshana elifutshane igama okanye ukuchonga ubalo-manani kusetyenziswa ukusetyenzwa kwenani elithile lolwazi okanye olunye ulwazi ngengqondo kunye nokuligcina. Ifayile ke igcinwa njengenkumbulo yexesha elide okanye inokucinywa ngokulula.

Imemori ye-Episodic

Iinkumbulo zomntu ngesehlo ("isiqendu" umntu athe wadibana naso) kubomi bakhe ziinkumbulo zeziganeko. Izisa ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha ukusuka kwindlela otye ngayo ukuya kwiimvakalelo ozivayo ngelixa uthetha ngobudlelwane obusondeleyo.

Iinkumbulo ezivela kwiinkumbulo ze-episodic zinokuba kutshanje, amashumi eminyaka. Enye ingcamango efanayo yinkumbulo ye-autobiographical, eyinkumbulo yolwazi oluqulethwe kwiimbali zobomi babantu.

Inkumbulo yexesha elifutshane inemiba emithathu ebalulekileyo:

1. Ukukwazi ukugcina idatha ixesha elifutshane.
2. Ukukwazi ukucubungula ulwazi olufikelelwa kwimemori yexesha elifutshane.
3. Ikhono lokuguqula ngengqondo ulwazi ngaphambi kokulugcina kwimemori yokusebenza.

Abanye abaphandi baphikisa ukuba kukho iindidi ezimbini zeenkumbulo zexesha elifutshane: a. Uhlobo lokuqala lubizwa ngokuba yinkumbulo esisiseko okanye esebenzayo yexesha elifutshane, ebhekisa kwidatha esiyihoya ngononophelo kwaye siqhubeke nayo nangawuphi na umzuzu.

Olu hlobo imemori yexesha elifutshane inomthamo oqingqiweyo (idla ngokujikeleza izinto ezisixhenxe) kunye nexesha elifutshane (imizuzwana embalwa). b. Uhlobo lwesibini lubizwa ngokuba yinkumbulo yesibini okanye yethutyana, ebhekisa kwidatha esingazihoyanga kuyo kodwa enokuphinda ithathwe kwimemori yethu yokugcina. Olu hlobo lwenkumbulo yexesha elifutshane lunomthamo omkhulu kunenkumbulo yexesha elifutshane esisiseko kodwa ixesha elifutshane (imizuzwana emininzi ukuya kumzuzu).

I-Priming yimpembelelo yememori efihlakeleyo apho ukuvezwa kwi-stimulus kuphembelela impendulo kwi-stimulus kamva. Ngamanye amazwi, i-priming yindlela yokwenza okuthile iinkumbulo ngaphandle kokuzama ukuqonda ukwenza njalo.

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ze-priming:

a. imvakalelo yokuqala, eyenzeka xa unikezelo lwesivuseleli esinye sichaphazela ukusetyenzwa kolunye uvuselelo oluthi luthiwe thaca kamsinya emva koko ngendlela efanayo (umzekelo, ukubona igama kwisikrini kuchaphazela isantya elinokufundwa ngaso elo gama ngokuvakalayo).

b. ukuqala kwesemantic, eyenzeka xa unikezelo lwesivuseleli esinye sichaphazela ukusetyenzwa kolunye uvuselelo oluthi luthiwe thaca kamsinya emva koko ngendlela eyahlukileyo (umzekelo, ukuva igama kuchaphazela isantya elinokubonwa ngaso elo gama ngokubonakalayo).

Inkumbulo yeefoto

Kukho uhlobo lwenkumbulo olwaziwa ngokuba yimemori yefoto, okanye inkumbulo ye-eidetic, ekukukwazi ukukhumbula imifanekiso ngokucacileyo. Olu hlobo lwenkumbulo lunqabile, lwenzeka kuphela malunga ne-2-3% yabemi.

Izazinzulu kudala zithanda ukufota inkumbulo kwaye ndiyifunde kakhulu ngethemba yokuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo kunye nendlela yokuyiphindaphinda. Kusekho imibuzo emininzi malunga nememori yeefoto ehlala ingaphendulwanga, kodwa abaphandi benza inkqubela ekuqondeni obu buchule bukhethekileyo.

Abaphandi abafunda ngokufota inkumbulo ifumanise ukuba bubuchule obunokufundwa kwaye iphuculwe. Noko ke, akunjalo wonke umntu onenkumbulo yeefoto uyakwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo. Abanye abantu kunzima ukukhumbula into abayibonayo, ngelixa abanye bekwazi ukukhumbula imifanekiso ngokucacileyo.

Abaphandi basazama ukuqonda ubunzima bememori yeefoto kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo. Baphonononga iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphucula obu buchule kwaye banethemba lokuba ngenye imini baya kukwazi ukuvula zonke iimfihlo zabo.

Inkumbulo ye-Echoic

Imemori ye-Echoic sisithinteli sememori yexesha elifutshane egcina okwethutyana ulwazi oluvayo. Olu hlobo lwememori luluncedo kakhulu ekukhumbuleni iinombolo zefowuni, umzekelo, kuba inombolo inokuphinda iphindwe ngokuvakalayo ukuyigcina kwimemori ye-echoic. Ulwazi olugcinwe kwimemori ye-echoic luhlala lukhunjulwa imizuzwana embalwa, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ukuya kumzuzu.

Inkumbulo ye-Echoic yaphononongwa okokuqala yingcali yengqondo yaseMelika u-Ulric Neisser, owapapasha iziphumo zakhe kwiphepha le-seminal ngalo mbandela ngo-1967. Ukususela ngoko, uphando oluninzi luye lwenziwa kwimemori ye-echoic indima ekuqondeni komntu.

Imemori ye-Echoic kukholelwa ukuba igcinwe kwi-cortex yokuva, ebekwe kwi-lobe yesikhashana yengqondo. Lo mmandla wobuchopho unoxanduva lokucubungula ulwazi lokuva.

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zememori ye-echoic:

a. inkumbulo ekhawulezileyo, ehlala imizuzwana embalwa kwaye isivumela ukuba sigcine ulwazi ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba siluqhubekisele phambili

b. ilibazisekile inkumbulo, enokuhlala kude kube ngumzuzu kwaye isivumela ukuba sikhumbule inkcazelo nasemva kokuba uvuselelo lwangaphambili luphelile.

Inkumbulo ye-echoic ibalulekile kwimisebenzi emininzi yemihla ngemihla, njengokumamela incoko nokukhumbula oko bekuthethiwe. Ikwadlala indima ekuqondeni ulwimi kwaye isinceda sikwazi ukujongana nezandi zentetho.

Kusekuninzi esingakwenziyo ukwazi ngememori ye-echoic, kodwa uphando malunga nesi sihloko luyaqhubeka kwaye lunamandla okubonelela ngeembono malunga nendlela ukuqonda komntu kusebenza ngayo.

Inkumbulo yolwazi

Inkumbulo enengqiqo kukukwazi ukukhumbula ulwazi olwaziyo ngexesha elithile. Olu hlobo lwememori luhluke kwimemori yexesha elifutshane, elibhekiselele kwidatha oyisebenzisayo ngoku, kunye nememori yexesha elide, elibhekiselele kulwazi olugcinileyo ixesha elide.

Inkumbulo yolwazi luhlobo lwenkumbulo esebenzayo, eyi inkqubo yokuqonda esivumela ukuba sigcine okwexeshana kwaye sisebenzise ulwazi engqondweni yethu. Inkumbulo yokusebenza ibalulekile kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla enjengokwenza izigqibo, ukusombulula iingxaki nokuqiqa.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini zeenkumbulo ezizingqondweni: ezicacileyo (okanye ezichazayo) kunye nezifihlakeleyo (okanye ngokwenkqubo).

Cacile inkumbulo luhlobo lwenkumbulo esaziyo esiyisebenzisayo ukukhumbula iinyani kunye neziganeko. Olu hlobo lwememori lugcinwe kwimemori yethu yexesha elide kwaye lunokufunyanwa ngokuthanda. Inkumbulo efihlakeleyo, kwelinye icala, luhlobo lwengqondo inkumbulo esiyisebenzisayo kwizakhono kunye nemikhwa. Olu hlobo lwememori lugcinwa kwimemori yethu yexesha elifutshane kwaye ibuyiselwa ngokuzenzekelayo.

Umahluko phakathi kwenkumbulo ecacileyo nefihlakeleyo ubalulekile kuba isinceda siqonde indlela esikhumbula ngayo izinto. Umzekelo, xa ukhwela ibhayisekile, usebenzisa inkumbulo yakho efihlakeleyo. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ucinge ngendlela yokunyola okanye ukuqhubeleka kuba ezo zakhono zigcinwe kwindawo yakho efihlakeleyo

Inkumbulo Engafihliyo

Inkumbulo efihlakeleyo ichaza ulwazi olukhoyo ngokungekho zingqondweni kodwa olungenakuqondwa lula. Nangona kunjalo, icacile iinkumbulo zibaluleke kakhulu kuthi kuba zichaphazela ngqo ukuziphatha kwethu. Inkumbulo ebandakanyekayo ngumlinganiselo omisela ukuba amava omntu aphembelela njani indlela aziphethe ngayo ukuba akaziqondi.

Inkumbulo efihlakeleyo luhlobo oluthi luhlelwe ngokubanzi lwaziindidi ezintathu: inkumbulo echazwe ngokwenkqubo, isiphumo semeko yeklasi kunye ne-priming.

Inkumbulo yeHaptic

Inkumbulo yeHaptic kukukwazi ukukhumbula ulwazi oluye lwafunyanwa ngokubamba. Olu hlobo lwenkumbulo lubalulekile kwimisebenzi efana nokuzinxiba, ukupheka, nokuqhuba imoto.Inkumbulo yeHaptic igcinwe kwi-somatosensory cortex, efumaneka kwi-parietal lobe yengqondo. Le ndawo yobuchopho inoxanduva lokucubungula ulwazi ukusuka eluswini nakwamanye amalungu oluvo.

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zememori ye-haptic:

a. inkumbulo ye-haptic yexesha elifutshane, ehlala imizuzwana embalwa kwaye isivumela ukuba sikhumbule ulwazi esiluchukumisile mva nje

b. imemori ye-haptic yexesha elide, evumela ukuba sikhumbule ulwazi esiye saluchukumisa ngaphambili.Imemori ye-Haptic ibalulekile kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla kuba isinceda ukuba sisebenzisane nendawo yethu. Ikwadlala indima kwindlela yethu yokubamba, nto leyo isenza sizive izinto ngolusu lwethu.

Inkumbulo yeNkqubo

Inkumbulo yenkqubo lulwazi olungenakuphepheka lwendlela izinto ezisebenza ngayo. Ukuhlala phantsi kwibhayisekile emva kokuba ungasazamanga ngumzekelo nje wenkqubo yenkumbulo.

Eli gama lichaza ulwazi oluhlala luhleli kunye nokuziqhelanisa nendlela yokufunda isakhono esitsha—ukususela kwizakhono ezisisiseko ukuya kwezo zithatha ixesha nomgudu wokufunda nokuphucula. Amagama afanayo abandakanya i-kinesthetic inkumbulo ehambelana ngokukodwa nokuchaphazela imemori ukuziphatha ngokwasemzimbeni.

Imemori ye-Kinesthetic luhlobo lwememori yenkqubo egcina ulwazi malunga nokuhamba kwemizimba yethu. Oku kubandakanya ulwazi malunga nokushukuma kwemisipha yethu kunye nendlela esiziva ngayo xa sihambisa imizimba yethu.

Iinkumbulo ze-Kinesthetic zivame ukufikeleleka ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umgudu kwaye zivame ukufunyanwa ngokuzenzekelayo (umzekelo, xa sihamba ngebhayisikili, sikhumbula ngokuzenzekelayo indlela evakalelwa ngayo ukuhamba kunye nokulinganisela kwibhayisikili).

Ukulungiswa kwePavlovian classical luhlobo lwenkumbulo efihlakeleyo eyenzeka xa sifunda ukudibanisa izivuseleli ezibini (i-cue kunye nomvuzo) ukuze i-cue iqikelele ngokuzenzekelayo umvuzo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba unika inja ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukutya emva kokuba iva intsimbi ikhala, intsimbi ekugqibeleni iya kuqala ukuqikelela ukutya kwaye inja iya kuqala ukuthunga xa isandi sentsimbi.

Ukubonga luhlobo lwenkumbulo efihlakeleyo eyenzeka xa utyhileko olunye (igama, umfanekiso, njl.njl.) yenza kube lula ukuba sikhumbule esinye isivuseleli esinxulumeneyo.

Umzekelo, ukuba uboniswe igama elithi "bomvu", kunokwenzeka ukuba ukhumbule igama elithi "apile" kunegama elithi "itafile". Oku kungenxa yokuba igama elithi “bomvu” liphambili kwigama elithi “apile”, elisisinxulumanisi.

Inkumbulo ecacileyo

Inkumbulo ecacileyo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yinkumbulo echazayo, luhlobo lwenkumbulo yexesha elide egcina ulwazi olunokuthi lukhunjulwe ngengqondo. Oku kuquka iinkumbulo zezibakala neziganeko, kunye neenkumbulo zamava obuqu.

Iinkumbulo ezicacileyo zidla ngokufikelelwa ngomzamo wokuqonda kwaye zidla ngokufunyanwa ngokubhalwa ngomlomo okanye ngokubhaliweyo (umzekelo, xa sithatha uvavanyo, kufuneka sikhumbule ulwazi esifuna ukulukhumbula).

Xa sivavanya iinkumbulo ngokuba nomntu okhumbula into ethile ngononophelo, silinganisa iinkumbulo ezicacileyo. Inkumbulo ecacileyo ibhekisa kulwazi okanye amava akhumbuleka lula.

Ngokuqhelekileyo le yindlela umntu anokuyikhumbula kakuhle ngayo imisebenzi ethile okanye iziganeko. Inkumbulo yokuqaphela kukukwazi ukukhumbula into eyenzeka ngaphambili. Oku kunokuba yiyo nantoni na ukusuka ekuqondeni ubuso ukuya ekukhumbuleni ingoma yomculo.

Inkumbulo engekho zingqondweni

Kukho iinkqubo ezintathu eziphambili zokukhumbula imemori: imemori yenkqubo, i-classical conditioning effect kunye ne-priming.Inkqubo yememori yenkqubo lulwazi lwendlela yokwenza izinto ngokungazi.

Oku kubandakanya izakhono ezifana nokukhwela ibhayisekile okanye ukuqubha, kunye nezakhono ezinzima ngakumbi ezithatha ixesha kunye nomgudu wokufunda, njengokudlala isixhobo somculo. i-stimuli (i-cue kunye nomvuzo) ukwenzela ukuba i-cue iqikelele ngokuzenzekelayo umvuzo.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba unika inja ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukutya emva kokuba iva intsimbi ikhala, intsimbi ekugqibeleni iya kuqala ukuqikelela ukutya kwaye inja iya kuqala ukuthunga xa isandi sentsimbi.

I-Priming luhlobo lwenkumbulo efihlakeleyo eyenzeka xa ukuvezwa kwisivuseleli esinye (igama, umfanekiso, njl.njl.) kwenza kube lula ukuba sikhumbule esinye isivuseleli esinxulumeneyo.

Umzekelo, ukuba uboniswe igama elithi "bomvu", kunokwenzeka ukuba ukhumbule igama elithi "apile" kunegama elithi "itafile". Oku kungenxa yokuba igama elithi “bomvu” liphambili kwigama elithi “apile”, elisisinxulumanisi.

Sub Conscious Memory

Inkqubo yememori engaphantsi kolwazi lulwazi lwezinto esizaziyo, kodwa singazikhumbuli. Oku kuquka iinkumbulo zeziganeko ezenzeka ngaphambi kokuba sizalwe (njengomculo esibelekweni), kunye neenkumbulo esiye sazilibala okanye sizicinezela. Inkqubo yememori engaphantsi kolwazi ihlala ifikeleleka ngeemvakalelo kunye ne-intuition endaweni yokucinga.

Khumbula iMemori

Ukukhumbula inkumbulo, kwelinye icala, kukukwazi ukukhumbula ulwazi ngaphandle kweempawu zangaphandle. Oku kuhlala kuthathwa njengeyona ndlela "ecocekileyo" yememori kuba ifuna ukuba wenze njalo fumana ulwazi kwimemori yakho ngaphandle koncedo.

Inkumbulo ye-olfactory

Imemori ye-olfactory ibhekisela ekukhunjuleni amavumba. Olu hlobo lwenkumbulo ludla ngokuba namandla kakhulu, kwaye abantu banokusoloko bekhumbula amavumba abo kwasebuntwaneni okanye kubudlelwane bangaphambili. Iinkumbulo ezinuka kamnandi maxa wambi zinokuba nzima ukulibala, yaye ngokufuthi zinokuvuselela iimvakalelo ezinamandla.

Inkumbulo ebambekayo

Inkumbulo ebambekayo kukukwazi ukukhumbula imvakalelo yokuchukumisa. Oku kuquka ubume bezinto, ubushushu begumbi, kunye nemvakalelo yolusu lomntu. Iinkumbulo ezichukumisayo zihlala zigcinwa kwinkumbulo yethu yexesha elide, kwaye kunokuba nzima ukulibala.

Inkumbulo Ebonakalayo

Inkumbulo ebonakalayo kukukwazi ukukhumbula into esiyibonayo. Oku kuquka ukukwazi ukukhumbula ubuso, izinto, kunye nemiboniso. Inkumbulo ebonwayo idla ngokuba yomelele kakhulu, kwaye abantu banokusoloko bekhumbula imifanekiso yasebuntwaneni babo okanye kubudlelwane bangaphambili. Iinkumbulo ezibonwayo maxa wambi kusenokuba nzima ukuzilibala, yaye ngokufuthi zisenokuvuselela iimvakalelo ezinamandla.

Inkumbulo yokuva

Inkumbulo yokuva kukukwazi ukukhumbula into esiyivayo. Oku kuquka ukukwazi ukukhumbula isandi selizwi lomntu, isandi sendawo kunye nesandi somculo. Inkumbulo yokuva isoloko inamandla kakhulu, kwaye abantu banokusoloko bekhumbula izandi ezivela ebuntwaneni babo okanye kubudlelwane bangaphambili. Iinkumbulo eziviwayo maxa wambi zinokuba nzima ukuzilibala, yaye zidla ngokuvuselela iimvakalelo ezinamandla.

Inkumbulo yexesha elide

Inkumbulo yexesha elide ziinkqubo zobuchopho ezikhethekileyo ezisetyenziswa ngabantu ukugcina ulwazi. Imisebenzi emininzi yahlukile. Ekubeni iinkumbulo zovakalelo zikhawuleza ngemizuzwana, neenkumbulo ezimfutshane zinokuba ngumzuzu nje omnye, iinkumbulo ezihlala ixesha elide zisenokuba zisuka kwisiganeko esinye esathabatha imizuzu emi-5 okanye into eyenzekayo kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-20 eyadlulayo.

Inkumbulo yexesha elide yahluke kakhulu. Ihlala isazi kwaye ifuna ukuba ingqondo yethu ihlale icinga ngento ethile ukuze ikhumbule into ethile. Ngamanye amaxesha abakho zingqondweni kwaye bavele nje bekwimo ngaphandle kokukhumbula.

Imemori yexesha elide - i-LTM okanye iMemori ende - imemori apho inani elikhulu ledatha lingagcinwa ngokusisigxina. Xa sithetha ngeenkumbulo zexesha elide, sihlala sibhekisa kwiinkumbulo ze-episodic kunye ne-semantic (jonga ngezantsi). Nangona kunjalo, kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba kunokubakho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zememori yexesha elide, nganye ineempawu zayo ezizodwa.

Kusekuninzi ekufuneka kufundwe malunga nenkumbulo yexesha elide. Abanye abaphandi bafunda iindidi ezahlukeneyo zememori yexesha elide (umz., i-episodic, i-semantic, inkqubo, njl.), kunye nendlela ezinxulumene ngayo enye kwenye. Abanye bayaphanda iindlela zokuphucula inkumbulo yexesha elide (umzekelo, ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zemnemonic, ukwandisa ukuvuselela ingqondo, njl. njl.).

Inkumbulo echazayo vs. Inkumbulo engachazwanga

Inkumbulo echazayo luhlobo lwenkumbulo yexesha elide ebandakanya iinyani kunye nolwazi. Olu hlobo lwenkumbulo lunokukhunjulwa ngenyameko, yaye ngokuqhelekileyo lusetyenziselwa ukukhumbula inkcazelo ebalulekileyo kuthi. Iinkumbulo ezichazayo zinokuba yi-semantic (enxulumene nolwazi) okanye i-episodic (enxulumene namava omntu).

Imemori engachazwanga, kwelinye icala, luhlobo lwenkumbulo yexesha elide engabandakanyi iinyani okanye ulwazi. Olu hlobo lwenkumbulo ludla ngokungabikho zingqondweni, yaye lusetyenziselwa ukukhumbula inkcazelo ebalulekileyo kuthi. Iinkumbulo ezingaxeliyo zinokuba yinkqubo (enxulumene nezakhono) okanye imvakalelo (enxulumene neemvakalelo).

Inkumbulo yeSemantic

Inkumbulo yeSemantic lulwazi oluhlala ixesha elide olugcinwe ngabantu. Olunye ulwazi kwimemori ye-semantic inxulumene nolunye uhlobo lolwazi kwimemori yomntu. Ngaphandle kokukhumbula izandi neemvakalelo awayeziva eyedwa, ubani unokukhumbula izibakala zombhiyozo. I-Semantics inokuqulatha ulwazi malunga nabantu okanye iindawo esingenalo unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo okanye ubudlelwane.

Inkumbulo yeSemantic luhlobo lwenkumbulo yexesha elide egcina ulwazi malunga nehlabathi elisingqongileyo. Oku kuquka iinkcukacha eziyinyani ezifana nekomkhulu laseFransi okanye igama lomongameli wokuqala waseUnited States. Iinkumbulo ze-Semantic zivame ukufikeleleka ngaphandle komzamo wokuqonda kwaye zivame ukufunyanwa ngokuzenzekelayo (umzekelo, xa sibona umfanekiso wenja, ngokuzenzekelayo sicinga "inja").

Imeko yokusebenza (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-instrumental conditioning) luhlobo lwenkumbulo ehambelana nokufunda eyenzeka njengesiphumo seziphumo zendlela yokuziphatha. Kukho imigaqo emine esisiseko yemeko yokusebenza:

Ukuqiniswa

Ukomeleza luhlobo lokufunda olwenzeka ngenxa yeziphumo zokuziphatha. Kukho imigaqo emine esisiseko yemeko yokusebenza:

• ukomelezwa okulungileyo,
• ukomelezwa kakubi,
• isohlwayo, kunye
• ukuphela.

Ukuqiniswa okulungileyo kwenzeka xa ukuziphatha kuqiniswa (kunyuswa) ngokuboniswa kwe-stimulus positive. Umzekelo, ukuba unika umntu unyango rhoqo xa esenza into ofuna ukuba ayenze, ngoko usebenzisa ukomeleza okulungileyo.

Ukuqiniswa okungalunganga kwenzeka xa ukuziphatha kuqiniswa (ukwandiswa) ngokususwa kwe-stimulus negative. Umzekelo, ukuba uyayeka ukutshaya icuba kuba ungafuni ukufa, ngoko usebenzisa ukomeleza okungalunganga.

Isohlwayo

Isohlwayo senzeka xa ukuziphatha kohlwaywa (kuncitshiswe) ngokunikezelwa kovuselelo olubi. Umzekelo, ukuba ubetha umntwana wakho ngalo lonke ixesha esenza kakubi, usebenzisa isohlwayo.

ukuphela

Ukuphela kwenzeka xa ukuziphatha kungasayi kuqiniswa (okanye ukohlwaywa). Umzekelo, ukuba uyayeka ukunika umntwana wakho unyango rhoqo xa esenza into ofuna ukuba ayenze, ngoko usebenzisa ukucima.

Ukuchacha ngokuzenzekelayo

Ukuchacha ngokuzenzekelayo kukuvela kwakhona kokuziphatha okucinywe ngaphambili emva kwexesha elithile apho ukuziphatha kwakungaqiniswanga. Umzekelo, ukuba uyayeka ukunika umntwana wakho ukuphatha rhoqo xa esenza into ofuna ukuba ayenze, ngoko usebenzisa ukucima. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umntwana wakho uqala ukuziphatha kakuhle kwakhona emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa ngaphandle kokunyanga, lo ngumzekelo wokubuyisela ngokuzenzekelayo.

Inkumbulo enganxulumaniyo: Ukuziqhelanisa noKwazisa

Inkumbulo enganxulumanisiyo luhlobo lwenkumbulo olungabandakanyi naluphi na unxulumano phakathi kwezinto okanye iziganeko. Kukho iindidi ezimbini zememori enganxulumanisiyo: ukuhlala kunye nokuvuselela.I-Habituation luhlobo lwememori enganxulumaniyo eyenzekayo xa siqhelana ne-stimulus ethile.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba siva isandi sokukhala kwentsimbi ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ekugqibeleni siya kuyeka ukuva isandi. Oku kungenxa yokuba ingqondo yethu iye yahlala kwisandi sentsimbi kwaye yayeka ukuphendula kuyo.I-Sensitization luhlobo lwememori engabonakaliyo eyenzeka xa sithe savela ngakumbi kwi-stimulus ethile.

Omnye umzekelo, ukuba sihlala sidibana nevumba le-ammonia, ekugqibeleni siya kuqala ukugula xa siphunga. Oku kungenxa yokuba ingqondo yethu iye yaqonda kwivumba le-ammonia kwaye yaqala ukuphendula kuyo ngeemvakalelo ezingalunganga.

Ukuprintwa njengoHlobo lweMemori yoNxulumaniso

Oku kubandakanya inkqubo yokufunda nokukhumbula iimpawu zento okanye into ephilayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kubonakala kwizilwanyana, apho isilwanyana esisandul 'ukuzalwa siya kufunda ngokukhawuleza ukuqonda nokuchonga abazali baso.

UKonrad Lorenz wayeyingcali yebhayoloji yaseJamani eyayifunda ngokuprinta kwizilwanyana ngeminyaka yoo-1930. Wafumanisa ukuba ukuba usana lwentaka okanye esinye isilwanyana esincinane sisusiwe kubazali baso ngaphambi kokuba sifumane ithuba lokuzazi ukuba singoobani na, siya kubethelela kuzo naziphi na izinto ezihambayo.

Umzekelo, ukuba ukhuphe i-gossling kunina kwaye emva koko uyibeke esibayeni namanye amadada, idada liya kuthi kamva liprinte amanye amadada lize liwalandele.

Ukuprintwa kwenzeka xa emva kokuba isilwanyana sizalwe kwaye benza uncamathiselo kwinto yokuqala esiyibonayo. U-Lorenz wafumanisa ukuba amadada amatsha aqanduselweyo aya kulandela into yokuqala eshukumayo ayibonayo-ehlala ehlala uLorenz ngokwakhe.

Inkumbulo kunye noPhando loBuchule

Phezu kwako nje uphuhliso lwakutshanje, kusekho iingxaki ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka zisonjululwe. Uninzi lwaloo miba lubandakanya iinkqubo zemolekyuli zokubuyiswa kweMemori kunye nokubola. Thatha umzekelo weenkqubo ezichaphazela amandla e-synaptic ye-neurons kwii-LTP ze-hippocampus. Kwingxelo yabo, Hardt et. (2013) yaqaphela ukuba nangona iinkqubo ze-molecular ezibandakanyekayo ekusekeni i-LTPC zichazwe ngokucacileyo, ukubola kwe-TPA yangaphambili kunye nexesha elide lihlala lingafundwanga.

Kwinqaku, kukhankanyiwe ukuba kusekho iingxaki ezibalulekileyo zokusombulula kwindawo yeMemori. Enye ingxaki enjalo kukubola kwe-TPA yangaphambili kunye nasemva kwexesha. Oku kubhekiselele kwi-Transient Presynaptic Acetylcholine release, engumlinganiselo wendlela i-synapse ehambisa ngayo iimpawu. Inqaku licebisa ukuba uphando oluninzi kufuneka lwenziwe kule ndawo ukuze siphucule ukuqonda kwethu iMemori ukuze sisebenzise yethu uvavanyo lweememori.

Omnye umzekelo yindima ye-microglia kwinkumbulo yokukhumbula. I-Microglia ziiseli ezikhusela ingqondo kusulelo kunye nezifo. Bakwabandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokuvuvukala, eyimfuneko yokuphilisa. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba i-microglia inokudlala indima ekukhumbuleni inkumbulo. Kuphononongo olwenziwa nguTakahashi et al. (2013), kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-microglia iyimfuneko kwinkumbulo eyimpumelelo yeenkumbulo kwiimpuku. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba i-microglia inokuba yimfuneko ekukhunjweni kwememori nasebantwini.

Le yimizekelo nje emibini yeengxaki ezininzi ezisafuna ukusonjululwa kwicandelo leMemori. Ngophando olongezelelweyo, siya kukwazi ukuqonda ngcono ukuba njani Inkumbulo iyasebenza kunye nendlela yokuphucula .

Omnye umbuzo obalulekileyo abaphandi abasazama ukuwuphendula kukuba iinkumbulo zexesha elide zenziwa kwaye zigcinwe njani. Kukholelwa ukuba kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zeememori zexesha elide: ezicacileyo kunye nezicacileyo. Inkumbulo ecacileyo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yinkumbulo echazayo, luhlobo lwenkumbulo yexesha elide egcina ulwazi olunokuthi lukhunjulwe ngengqondo. Oku kuquka iinkumbulo zezibakala neziganeko, kunye neenkumbulo zobuqu. Inkumbulo efihlakeleyo, kwelinye icala, luhlobo lwenkumbulo yexesha elide egcina inkcazelo engakhunjulelwanga sisazela. Oku kuquka izinto ezifana nezakhono kunye nemikhwa.

Abaphandi basazama ukuqonda ukuba iinkumbulo ezicacileyo nezifihlakeleyo zenziwa kwaye zigcinwe njani. Enye ithiyori kukuba iinkumbulo ezicacileyo zigcinwa kwi-hippocampus, ngelixa iinkumbulo ezifihlakeleyo zigcinwa kwi-cerebellum. Nangona kunjalo, le thiyori ayikangqinwa. Enye ithiyori yeyokuba iinkumbulo ezicacileyo nezifihlakeleyo zenziwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iinkumbulo ezicacileyo zisenokwenziwa ngenkqubo yokudibanisa, ngelixa iinkumbulo ezifihlakeleyo zisenokwenziwa ngenkqubo yokuziqhelisa.

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela yakutshanje, kusekuninzi ekufuneka kufundwe malunga nendlela iinkumbulo zexesha elide eziqulunqwa ngayo zize zigcinwe ngayo. Ngophando oluninzi, siya kukwazi ukuqonda ngcono le nkqubo kwaye ukuphucula amandla ethu okwenza kunye nokugcina iinkumbulo.

Njengoko kunokubonwa, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeememori ezahlukeneyo, nganye ineseti yayo ekhethekileyo yeempawu. Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zememori kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esikhumbula ngayo izinto kunye nendlela esinokuyiphucula ngayo imemori yethu.

Imfihlelo yenkumbulo yomntu isaphononongwa, yaye kusekho okuninzi esingakwaziyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izinto ziye zafunyanwa malunga nendlela imemori esebenza ngayo.

Enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyiqonde malunga nenkumbulo yomntu kukuba ayisiyonto nje enye. Inkumbulo eneneni yenziwe ngamalungu ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linomsebenzi walo owahlukileyo. Ezi ndawo ziquka i-hippocampus, i-cerebellum, kunye ne-cortex.

IHippocampus

Inkqubo ye-hippocampal inoxanduva lokwenziwa kweenkumbulo ezintsha. Ikwabandakanyeka ekuhlanganiseni iinkumbulo zexesha elide.

1. Ihippocampus inoxanduva lokwenziwa kweenkumbulo ezintsha
2. Ikwabandakanyeka ekuhlanganiseni iinkumbulo zexesha elide
3. Ihippocampus ikwindawo ephakathi
4. Kubalulekile ekufundeni nakwinkumbulo
5. Umonakalo kwihippocampus unokubangela iingxaki zememori

ICerebellum

I-cerebellum ijongene nokugcinwa kweenkumbulo zexesha elide. I-cerebellum yethu ikwi-lobe yangasemva yengqondo. I-cerebellum ijongene nokugcinwa kweenkumbulo zexesha elide Ifumaneka kwi-lobe yangasemva yengqondo. I-cerebellum ibalulekile ekufundeni kwemoto kunye nokulinganisela, umonakalo kwi-cerebellum unokubangela iingxaki zememori kunye nokuphazamiseka kwentshukumo.

ICortex

I-cortex inoxanduva lokubuyisela iinkumbulo. Le yinxalenye yengqondo esetyenziswayo xa sizama ukukhumbula into ethile. I-cortex ikwanoxanduva lwezivamvo zethu, kuquka ukubona, ukujoja, nokubamba. I-cortex inoxanduva oluphezulu imisebenzi yokuqonda, njengengqalelo, ulwimi, nokuqonda. I-cortex nayo ibandakanyeka ekubuyiseni iinkumbulo.

I-cortex yenza uninzi lobunzima bobuchopho Kubalulekile ukwazi kunye neenkqubo zokucinga.

The ngengqondo unoxanduva lwazo zonke iingcinga, iimvakalelo kunye nezenzo zethu. Ikwanoxanduva lwenkumbulo yethu. Ingqondo lilungu elintsonkothileyo, yaye sisafunda ngemisebenzi yayo. Nangona kunjalo, siyazi ukuba ingqondo ibalulekile kubomi bomntu.

Enye into ebangela umdla ngenkumbulo yomntu kukuba ayifezekanga. Enyanisweni, inkumbulo yomntu idla ngokungathembekanga. Oku kungenxa yokuba iinkumbulo zethu zihlala ziphenjelelwa ziimvakalelo neenkolelo zethu. Ngokomzekelo, abantu ababona ulwaphulo-mthetho badla ngokusikhumbula ngokwahlukileyo eso siganeko kunabantu abangazange balubone ulwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kungenxa yokuba iinkumbulo zabo ziphenjelelwa yimeko yabo yeemvakalelo ngexesha lomsitho.

Phezu kwako nje ukungafezeki kwayo, inkumbulo yomntu inamandla amangalisayo asinceda sigcine size sikhumbule intaphane yenkcazelo.

Ujongano lwekhompyuter olucetywayo luka-Elon Musk lunokufuna uphando olungakumbi malunga nendlela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo zememori ezisebenza ngayo ngokwebhayoloji. Olu phando luya kusinceda ukuba siqonde ngcono ukuba iinkumbulo zenziwe kwaye zigcinwe njani, nto leyo enokuba yimfuneko ekuphuhliseni ujongano oluyimpumelelo lwengqondo-yekhompyuter.

Uphando lweMemori yexesha elide

Abanye abaphandi abaphanda imemori yexesha elide nguDkt James McGaugh, uDkt. Endel Tulving, kunye noGqr Brenda Milner.

UDkt James McGaugh yingcali ye-neuroscientist oye wenza uphando olubanzi kwimemori yexesha elide. Ufumanise ukuba kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo zenkumbulo yexesha elide, nganye ineempawu zayo ezikhethekileyo. Kwakhona uye wafumanisa ukuba inkumbulo yexesha elide ingaba iphuculwe ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zemnemonic kunye nokwandisa ingqiqo ukuvuselela.

Endel Tulving i uvavanyo lwengqondo isazi sengqondo esiye senza uphando olubanzi kwimemori ye-episodic (jonga ngezantsi). Ufumene ukuba inkumbulo ye-episodic yenziwe ngamacandelo amabini: icandelo lokukhumbula kunye necandelo lokwazisa.

Inxalenye yokukhumbula ibhekisela ekukwazini ukukhumbula iinkcukacha zesiganeko, kwaye icandelo lokwazisa libhekisela kumandla okukhumbula ukuba ukhumbula isiganeko.

Uye wafumanisa ukuba episodic inkumbulo inokonakala ngomonakalo kwi-hippocampus (isakhiwo esisengqondweni esibandakanyeka ekubunjweni kwememori).

UGqr Brenda Milner yi-neuropsychologist owenze uphando kwimemori ye-episodic kunye ne-amnesia (ukulahlekelwa kwememori). Ufumene ukuba abantu abane-amnesia basenako ukukhumbula ulwazi olugcinwe kwimemori ye-semantic (jonga ngezantsi), kodwa abanakukhumbula ulwazi olugcinwe kwimemori ye-episodic.

Bhalisela iMemTrax-Ukuxhasa uMsebenzi wethu

 

IiReferensi zezifundo eziphononongwe ngoontanga:

-Hardt, O., Wang, Y., & Sheng, M. (2013). Iindlela zeemolekyuli zokubunjwa kwememori. Uphononongo lweNdalo i-Neuroscience, i-14 (11), i-610-623.

-Takahashi, R., Katagiri, Y., Yokoyama, T., & Miyamoto, A. (2013). I-Microglia iyimfuneko ekufumaneni ngempumelelo inkumbulo yoloyiko. Unxibelelwano ngeNdalo, DOI:

Ashford, J. (2014). Iithiyori zokubunjwa kwememori kunye nokugcinwa. Ifunyenwe kwi-https://www.ashford.edu/faculty/jashford/theories-of-memory-formation-and-storage

-Ashford, JW (2013). Iingcamango zeMemori. Ifunyenwe kwi-https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/memory-7/theories-of-memory-31/

-Baddley, A. (2012). Inkumbulo yakho: Isikhokelo soMsebenzisi. London: Robinson.

-Ebbinghaus, H. (2013). Inkumbulo: Igalelo kwiPsychology yoMfuniselo. ENew York: iDover Publications.

-Squire, LR, Wixted, JT (2007). I-neuroscience yenkumbulo yomntu ukusukela kwi-HM. Uphononongo loNyaka lwe-Neuroscience, i-30, i-259-288. DOI:

-Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Inkumbulo: Igalelo kwiPsychology yoMfuniselo. ENew York: iDover Publications.

Ashford, J. (2011). Indima ye-medial temporal lobe kwimemori ecacileyo. Uphononongo lweNdalo i-Neuroscience, i-12 (8), i-512-524.

Kweli nqaku, i-Ashford ixoxa ngendima ye-lobe yexesha eliphakathi kwimemori ecacileyo. Uxela ukuba i-lobe yesikhashana yangaphakathi iyimfuneko ekubunjweni kweenkumbulo ezicacileyo. Kwakhona uxoxa ngokubaluleka kwe-hippocampus ekubunjweni kwememori.

-Hardt, O., Nader, KA, & Wolf, M. (2013). Ukudityaniswa kwenkumbulo kunye nokudityaniswa kwakhona: umbono we-synaptic. Iimpawu kwii-neuroscience, 36 (12), 610-618. doi:S0166-2236(13)00225-0 [pii]

Njengoko kunokubonwa, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeememori ezahlukeneyo, nganye ineseti yayo ekhethekileyo yeempawu. Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zememori kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esikhumbula ngayo izinto kunye nendlela esinokuyiphucula ngayo imemori yethu.