Kune marudzi matatu makuru endangariro: yenguva pfupi, yenguva refu, uye yekunzwa. Rudzi rumwe norumwe rwendangariro runobatira chinangwa chakasiyana, uye chakakosha nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana. Ngationgororei mhando yega yega yendangariro zvakadzama, uye titsanangure kuti inoshanda sei. Tichataurawo pamusoro pokukosha kworudzi rumwe norumwe rwendangariro, uye kupa mienzaniso kubetsera kuenzanisira mashandisirwo aanoitwa.

Ndeapi marudzi akasiyana endangariro?

Chakavanzika che munhu ndangariro dzichiri kudzidzwa, uye kuchine zvakawanda zvatisingazive. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanwa pamusoro pemashandiro anoita ndangariro.

One chinhu chakakosha kunzwisisa pamusoro peyeuko yomunhu ndeyokuti haisati ichingova zvayo chinhu chimwe. Memory chaizvoizvo inoumbwa nezvikamu zvakasiyana, chimwe nechimwe chine basa rayo rimene rakasiyana. Izvi zvikamu zvinosanganisira hippocampus, cerebellum, uye cortex.

Vatsvakurudzi vanoziva ndangariro dzevanhu uye maitiro ayo asi zvichiramba zvisina ruzivo nezve kuti ndangariro data inochengetwa sei uye inoyeukwa muuropi. Muchinyorwa chino tinoongorora nzira dzakasiyana dzekunzwisisa uye nzira dzekufungidzira kuti tingaite sei mepu hurongwa hwehuropi hwekurangarira. Zvakawanda vanhu vanodavira kuvapo kwamarudzi mashomanene endangariro nepo vamwe vachifungidzira kuti ingori yenguva pfupi yekurangarira uye yenguva refu yekurangarira.

Ngatitorei chinguva kuongorora plethora ye ndangariro zvirongwa yakaonekwa seya2022: ndangariro yekurangarira, ndangariro yemifananidzo, ndangariro yekunzwa, ndangariro yemaitiro, iconic memory, echoic memory, primary and secondary memory, episodic memory, visual spatial memory, echoic memory, conscious memory, unconscious memory, semantic memory, haptic memory, ndangariro yenguva pfupi, ndangariro yekushamwaridzana, ndangariro yenguva pfupi, chirevo chekuzivisa, chiyeuchidzo chiyeuchidzo, chiyeuchidzo chenguva refu, eidetic memory, olfactory memory, Pavlovian classical conditioning, Konrad Lorentz imprinting, ooperant conditioning (slot machines BF Skinner), kuravidza kuravira. (Garcia).

Pane zvinopesana zvakawanikwa mumunda we tsvakurudzo yendangariro pachimiro nekurongeka kwezvikamu zvendangariro izvi saka ndichazvinyora pano nenzira yakarongeka. Ikozvino mu-kurwa mukutsvagisa kunoenda kuratidza kwakakura kuomarara kwe ubongo hwevanhu, imwe yemiganhu yedu inonakidza isina kuwanikwa.

Matanho ekurangarira: Yenguva pfupi-Yenguva uye Yenguva Yakareba Memory

Imwe nzira ye kunzwisisa ndangariro kuri kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa ndangariro yenguva inoyeukwa. Izvi nzira inoratidza kuti mundangariro yekunzwa ruzivo rwunotanga mundangariro dzenguva pfupi uye runopera mundangariro dzenguva refu.

Ingori inguva pfupi chete apo ndangariro dzinofamba kubva kupfupi yekuchengetedza kuenda kurefu kwenguva yekuchengetedza? Kuyeuka kwendangariro kunonakidza chaizvo kana iwe uchitsvaga masisitimu anoidzora pakati pekupfurwa kwemabhiriyoni emaneuron muuropi hwedu..

Asi harisi ruzivo rwese runopfuura kuburikidza nekugadziriswa kweruzivo uye maitiro epfungwa kusvika padanho rekupedzisira, mamwe asara achipera sendangariro dzenguva pfupi. Kuti iyo data inogadziriswa sei inotemwa ne nzira iyo ruzivo inowanikwa mupfupi-nguva yendangariro.

Yekutanga memory, inozivikanwawo seyenguva pfupi yekurangarira, ndiyo ndangariro yatinoshandisa kuchengetedza ruzivo kwenguva pfupi. Ruzivo urwu runogona kuva chero chinhu kubva kunhamba yefoni kusvika kune ruzivo rwehurukuro. Ruzhinji rweruzivo rwekutanga ndangariro runorasika mukati memaminitsi kana maawa, kunyangwe rumwe ruzivo runogona kuchengetwa kusvika zuva.

Sekondari memory, inozivikanwawo seyenguva refu yekuyeuka, ndiyo ndangariro yatinoshandisa kuchengetedza ruzivo kwenguva yakareba. Ruzivo urwu runogona kuva chero chinhu kubva pazita remhuka yedu yekutanga kusvika pazuva ratakaberekwa. Ruzhinji rwemashoko ari mundangariro yechipiri anochengetwa zvachose.

Murangariro wepamusoro rudzi rwendangariro rwakakarakadzwa runofungwa kuva rwakatotora nguva refu kupfuura ndangariro yechipiri. Zvakataurwa kuti ndangariro dzepamusoro dzinogona kuve dzakakonzeresa mamwe marudzi eruzivo senge ruzivo orsemantic ruzivo. Nekudaro, parizvino hapana humbowo hwesainzi hunotsigira ndangariro dzepamusoro.

Mufungo weyeuko yapamusoro unofadza, rudzi rwakakarakadzwa rwendangariro iyo inofungidzirwa kuva inotogara kwenguva refu kupfuura ndangariro yechipiri. Nekudaro, vamwe vaongorori vanotenda kuti ndangariro dzepamusoro dzinogona kuve dzakakonzeresa mamwe marudzi eruzivo, senge ruzivo nezve semantic pfungwa.

Zivo yeSemantic inoreva manzwisisiro edu ezvinoreva nekushandiswa kwemazwi, uye inofungidzirwa kuchengetwa mu huropi munzvimbo yakaparadzana kubva kune episodic ndangariro.

Mhando dzendangariro: Dzidza zvakawanda nezvemhando dzakasiyana dzendangariro

Ndangariro dzinogona kusiyana zvikuru. Pane zvinhu zvakawanda masayendisiti haatombonzwisisi pamusoro pekuziva kwevanhu. Rega tiongorore mhando yega yega yemunhu memory system uye tiedze kuwana kunzwisisa kuri nani kwemaitiro edu uropi hunoshanda.

Nguva pfupi yekuyeuka

Ruzivo rwakawanda runopinda mundangariro dzepfungwa dzinokanganwika, asi ruzivo rwatinotarisa pariri, nechinangwa chendangariro, runogona kupinda mundangariro yenguva pfupi. Funga nezve zviuru zvezviziviso, vanhu, uye zviitiko zvaunosangana nazvo mazuva ese, ingori ruzivo rwakawandisa kuti uchengete. Yenguva pfupi ndangariro - STM kana Pfupi Memory - ndangariro umo data diki rinogona kuchengetwa kwemasekonzi akati wandei kana mashoma.

Nguva pfupi yekuyeuka haichengetedze ruzivo zvachose, uye inogona chete kugadziriswa uye maitiro anoshandiswa kunzwisisa, kugadzirisa, kududzira uye kuchengeta ruzivo mundangariro (SM) anonzi ndangariro inoshanda.

Yenguva pfupi ndangariro uye kushanda ndangariro

Nguva pfupi uye kushanda ndangariro dzinochinjika munzira dzakawanda uye ese ari maviri anongoreva kuchengetedza data kwenguva pfupi. Zvisinei, kushanda ndangariro inosiyaniswa muhunhu hwayo kubva kundangariro yenguva pfupi mukuti ndangariro yekushanda inoda kuchengetwa kwenguva pfupi ruzivo rwave mupfungwa. yakagadziriswa.

Mundangariro dzenguva pfupi zita kana nhamba yekuzivisa inoshandiswa kugadzirisa imwe nhamba yeruzivo kana rumwe ruzivo nekuziva nekuichengeta. Iyo faira inozochengetwa seyenguva refu yekurangarira kana inogona kungodzimwa.

Episodic ndangariro

Ndangariro dzemunhu dzechiitiko ("episode" iyo munhu akasangana nayo) mukati mehupenyu hwake ndangariro dze episodic. Inounza kutarisisa kune zvakadzama kubva pamadyiro ako kusvika kumanzwiro aunonzwa uchitaura nezvehukama hwepedyo.

Ndangariro dzinouya kubva mundangariro dze episodic dzinogona kunge dziri nguva pfupi yadarika, makumi emakore. Imwe pfungwa yakafanana ndeye autobiographical memory, inova ndangariro yemashoko ari munhoroondo dzeupenyu hwevanhu.

Yenguva pfupi ndangariro ine 3 akakosha maficha:

1. Iko kugona kuchengetedza data kwenguva pfupi.
2. Iko kugona kugadzirisa ruzivo rwunowanikwa mundangariro yenguva pfupi.
3. Iko kugona kugadzirisa pfungwa ruzivo usati waichengeta mundangariro inoshanda.

Vamwe vaongorori vanopikisa kuti kune marudzi maviri endangariro dzenguva pfupi: a. Mhando yekutanga inonzi yekutanga kana inoshanda yenguva pfupi ndangariro, iyo inoreva iyo data yatiri kunyatso tarisa uye kugadzirisa chero nguva.

Iko rudzi rwe kurangarira kwenguva pfupi ine simba shoma (kazhinji inotenderedza zvinhu zvinomwe) uye nguva pfupi (masekonzi mashoma). b. Rudzi rwechipiri rwunodaidzwa kuti chechipiri kana kuti passive yenguva pfupi ndangariro, iyo inoreva iyo data yatisiri kungwarira kuenda kwairi asi iyo ichiri kutorwa kubva muchitoro chedu chendangariro. Iyi mhando yenguva pfupi yekurangarira ine hukuru hukuru pane yekutanga yenguva pfupi yekurangarira asi ipfupi kwenguva (masekonzi akati wandei kusvika paminiti).

Priming ndiyo mhedzisiro yekuyeuka iyo kuratidzwa kune kukurudzira kunopesvedzera mhinduro kune inozosimudzira. Mune mamwe mazwi, priming inzira yekumisikidza imwe ndangariro pasina kuyedza kuita kudaro.

Kune marudzi maviri ekutanga ekutanga:

a. sensory priming, iyo inoitika apo kuratidzwa kweimwe kukurudzira kunokanganisa kugadziriswa kwechimwe chinokurudzira chinoratidzwa munguva pfupi mushure memaitiro akafanana (semuenzaniso, kuona izwi pachiratidziro kunokanganisa kumhanya uko izwi irori rinogona kuverengwa zvinonzwika).

b. semantic priming, iyo inoitika kana kuratidzwa kweimwe kukurudzira kunokanganisa kugadziridzwa kweimwe kukurudzira iyo inounzwa munguva pfupi mushure meimwe nzira yakasiyana (semuenzaniso, kunzwa izwi kunokanganisa kumhanya kweiyo izwi rinogona kuzivikanwa nekuona).

Photographic Memory

Kune rudzi rwendangariro runozivikanwa sephotographic memory, kana kuti eidetic memory, ndiko kukwanisa kuyeuka mifananidzo nekujeka kukuru. Rudzi urwu rwendangariro haruwanzoitiki, ruchiitika munenge 2-3% chete yevanhu.

Masayendisiti ave kwenguva refu achifadzwa nemifananidzo ndangariro uye ndakaidzidza zvakanyanya mutariro yekunzwisisa kuti inoshanda sei uye nzira yekuidzokorora. Pachine mibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro pekuyeuka kwemifananidzo iyo inoramba isina kupindurwa, asi vatsvakurudzi vari kufambira mberi mukunzwisisa unyanzvi uhwu hwakasiyana.

Vatsvagiri vanodzidza mafoto ndangariro vakawana kuti inyanzvi inogona kudzidzwa uye kuvandudzwa. Zvisinei, kwete munhu wese ane ndangariro yemifananidzo anokwanisa kuishandisa zvinobudirira. Vamwe vanhu vanoomerwa nekuyeuka zvavanoona, nepo vamwe vachikwanisa kurangarira mifananidzo nekujeka kukuru.

Vatsvagiri vachiri kuyedza kunzwisisa kuomarara kwemifananidzo yekurangarira uye kuti inoshanda sei. Vari kutsvaga nzira dzakasiyana dzekuvandudza hunyanzvi uhu uye vane tarisiro yekuti rimwe zuva vachakwanisa kuvhura zvakavanzika zvayo zvese.

Echoic Memory

Echoic memory inguva pfupi-pfupi yekuyeuka iyo inochengeta kwenguva pfupi ruzivo rwekunzwa. Rudzi urwu rwendangariro runobatsira zvikuru pakurangarira nhamba dzenhare, semuenzaniso, nekuti nhamba yacho inogona kudzokororwa zvinonzwika kuti uichengete mundangariro dze echoic. Mashoko akachengetwa mu echoic memory anowanzoyeukwa kwemasekonzi mashoma, asi dzimwe nguva kusvika paminiti.

Echoic memory yakatanga kudzidzwa neAmerican psychologist Ulric Neisser, uyo akabudisa zvaakawana mupepa repamusoro panyaya iyi muna 1967. Kubva ipapo, tsvakurudzo yakawanda yakaitwa pamusoro pe echoic memory uye basa mukuziva kwevanhu.

Echoic ndangariro inotendwa kuti inochengetwa muadhidhiyo cortex, iyo iri mune yenguva lobe yehuropi. Iyi nzvimbo yehuropi ine basa rekugadzirisa ruzivo rwekunzwa.

Kune marudzi maviri echoic memory:

a. ndangariro yekukurumidza, iyo inotora masekonzi mashomanana uye inotibvumira kuchengetedza ruzivo kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana kuti tigadzirise

b. kunonoka ndangariro, iyo inogona kugara kweminiti uye inotibvumira kuyeuka ruzivo kunyange mushure mokunge kukurudzira kwepakutanga kwapera.

Echoic memory yakakosha pamabasa mazhinji emazuva ese, akadai sekuterera hurukuro nekurangarira zvakataurwa. Inobatsirawo pakudzidza mutauro uye inotibatsira kugadzirisa manzwi ekutaura.

Pachine zvakawanda zvatisina kuziva nezve echoic memory, asi tsvakurudzo pamusoro penyaya iyi iri kuenderera mberi uye ine mukana wekupa ruzivo rwekuti kuziva kwevanhu kunoshanda sei.

Conscious Memory

Kuziva ndangariro ndiko kugona kurangarira ruzivo rwaunoziva pane imwe nguva nenguva. Rudzi urwu rwekuyeuka rwakasiyana nekurangarira kwenguva pfupi, iyo inoreva data yauri kugadzirisa ikozvino, uye yenguva refu yekuyeuka, iyo inoreva ruzivo rwawakachengeta kwenguva yakareba.

Conscious memory imhando yekushanda memory, inova iyo nzira yekuziva iyo inotibvumira kuchengetedza uye kushandura ruzivo mupfungwa dzedu. Kushanda ndangariro kwakakosha kumabasa emazuva ese akadai sekuita sarudzo, kugadzirisa matambudziko, uye kufunga.

Kune marudzi maviri endangariro yekuziva: yakajeka (kana kuzivisa) uye isina kujeka (kana maitiro).

Zvinoratidzwa ndangariro imhando yendangariro yekuziva yatinoshandisa kurangarira chokwadi uye zviitiko. Iyi mhando yendangariro inochengetwa mundangariro dzedu dzenguva refu uye inogona kudzoserwa pamadiro. Kuyeuka kwakazara, kune rumwe rutivi, rudzi rwekuziva chiyeuchidzo chatinoshandisa kune unyanzvi uye maitiro. Iyi mhando yendangariro inochengetwa mundangariro yedu yenguva pfupi uye inodzoserwa otomatiki.

Musiyano pakati pendangariro dzakajeka uye dzakajeka wakakosha nekuti unotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti tinorangarira sei zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, paunochovha bhasikoro, unenge uchishandisa ndangariro yako isina kujeka. Iwe haufanirwe kufunga nezve nzira yekutsikisa kana kufambisa nekuti hunyanzvi uhu hunochengetwa mune yako yakasarudzika

Implicit Memory

Murangariro wakakwana unotsanangura zivo inowanikwa nokusaziva asi isingatongogoni kunzwisiswa zviri nyore. Zvakadaro, zvakazara ndangariro dzakanyanya kukosha kwatiri nekuti dzinobata zvakananga maitiro edu. Implicated ndangariro chiyero chinotaridza kuti zvinoitika zvemunhu zvinokanganisa sei maitiro avo kana ivo vasingazvizivi.

Iyo yakasarudzika ndangariro imhando iyo inowanzoiswa mumakirasi matatu: iyo procedurally defined memory, classical conditioning maitiro uye priming.

Haptic Memory

Haptic memory ndiko kugona kurangarira ruzivo rwakaitika kuburikidza nekubata. Rudzi urwu rwekuyeuka rwakakosha kumabasa akadai sekuzvipfekedza, kubika, uye kutyaira motokari.Haptic memory inochengetwa mu somatosensory cortex, iyo iri mu parietal lobe yeuropi. Iyi nzvimbo yehuropi ndiyo ine basa rekugadzirisa ruzivo kubva paganda uye dzimwe nhengo dzekunzwa.

Kune marudzi maviri ehaptic memory:

a. short-term haptic memory, iyo inogara kwemasekonzi mashomanana uye inotibvumira kuyeuka ruzivo rwatakabata munguva pfupi yapfuura

b. refu-refu haptic memory, iyo inotibvumira kuyeuka ruzivo rwatakabata munguva yakapfuura.Haptic memory inokosha pamabasa ezuva nezuva nokuti inotibatsira kupindirana nenharaunda yedu. Inoitawo basa mupfungwa yedu yekubata, iyo pfungwa inotibvumira kunzwa zvinhu neganda redu.

Procedural Memory

Procedural memory ruzivo rusingadzivisiki rwemafambiro anoita zvinhu. Kugara pasi pabhasikoro mushure mekusisayedze ingori muenzaniso wemaitiro memory.

Iri izwi rinotsanangura ruzivo rwechigarire uye kudzidzira maitiro ekudzidza hunyanzvi hutsva-kubva paunyanzvi hwekutanga kusvika kune hunotora nguva nesimba kudzidza nekuvandudza. Mazwi akafanana anosanganisira kinesthetic ndangariro dzinechekuita nekukanganisa ndangariro maitiro emuviri.

Kinesthetic memory imhando yeprocedural memory inochengeta ruzivo nezvekufamba kwemiviri yedu. Izvi zvinosanganisira ruzivo pamusoro pekufamba kwemhasuru dzedu uye manzwiro atinoita patinofambisa miviri yedu.

Kinesthetic ndangariro dzinowanzosvikwa pasina chero kuedza uye dzinowanzodzoserwa otomatiki (somuenzaniso, patinochovha bhasikoro, isu tinongoyeuka manzwire azvinoita kuchovha uye kuenzanisa pabhasikoro).

Pavlovian classical conditioning imhando yekuyeuka kwakazara kunoitika patinodzidza kubatanidza zvinokurudzira zviviri (cue uye mubairo) kuitira kuti cue inofanotaura mubairo. Somuenzaniso, kana ukadzokorora kupa imbwa zvokudya pashure pokunge yanzwa bhero richirira, bhero rinozopedzisira rotanga kufanotaura zvokudya uye imbwa inotanga kumedzerera mate pakurira kwebhero.

Priming rudzi rwechirangaridzo chakazara chinoitika apo kuratidzirwa kune chimwe chinonyandura (shoko, mufananidzo, zvichingodaro.) chinoita kuti zvive nyore kuti tichayeuka chimwe chinonyandura chine chokuita.

Semuenzaniso, kana ukaratidzwa izwi rekuti "dzvuku", unogona kurangarira izwi rekuti "apuro" pane izwi rekuti "tafura". Izvi zvinodaro nekuti izwi rekuti "dzvuku" rinotanga izwi rekuti "apuro", rinova izwi rine hukama.

Memory Yakajeka

ndangariro dzakajeka, dzinozivikanwawo sedeclarative memory, imhando yendangariro yenguva refu inochengeta ruzivo rwunogona kurangarirwa nehana. Ikoku kunobatanidza ndangariro dzezvokwadi nezviitiko, pamwe chete nendangariro dzezvinoitika zvomunhu oga.

Ndangariro dzakajeka dzinowanzosvikwa nekuedza nesimba uye dzinowanzodzokororwa kuburikidza nekutaura kana kunyorwa zvirevo (somuenzaniso, patinonyora bvunzo, tinofanira kurangarira ruzivo rwatinoda kurangarira).

Kana tichiongorora ndangariro nekuita kuti mumwe munhu arangarire chimwe chinhu achiziva, tinoyera ndangariro dzakajeka. Kurangarira kunotaura kunoreva ruzivo kana zviitiko zvinoyeukwa zviri nyore.

Izvi zvinowanzoita kuti munhu anyatsoyeuka mamwe mabasa kana zviitiko. Recognition memory ndiko kugona kurangarira chimwe chinhu chakaitika kare. Izvi zvingava chero chinhu kubva pakuziva chiso kusvika pakuyeuka mutinhimira.

Unconscious Memory

Kune matatu makuru ekusaziva ndangariro masisitimu: iyo procedural memory, the classical conditioning effect uye priming.The procedural memory system ruzivo rwekuita zvinhu usingazivi.

Izvi zvinosanganisira unyanzvi hwakadai sekuchovha bhasikoro kana kushambira, pamwe neunyanzvi hwakaoma kunzwisisa hunotora nguva nesimba kuti udzidze, zvakadai sokuridza chiridzwa chemumhanzi.The classical conditioning effect imhando yendangariro dzakajeka dzinoitika patinodzidza kubatanidza mbiri. stimuli (cue uye mubairo) kuitira kuti cue inofanotaura mubairo.

Somuenzaniso, kana ukadzokorora kupa imbwa zvokudya pashure pokunge yanzwa bhero richirira, bhero rinozopedzisira rotanga kufanotaura zvokudya uye imbwa inotanga kumedzerera mate pakurira kwebhero.

Priming imhando yendangariro isina kujeka inoitika kana kuratidzwa kune chimwe chinokurudzira (izwi, mufananidzo, zvichingodaro) zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuti tichayeuka chimwe chinokonzeresa chine hukama.

Semuenzaniso, kana ukaratidzwa izwi rekuti "dzvuku", unogona kurangarira izwi rekuti "apuro" pane izwi rekuti "tafura". Izvi zvinodaro nekuti izwi rekuti "dzvuku" rinotanga izwi rekuti "apuro", rinova izwi rine hukama.

Sub Conscious Memory

Iyo sub conscious memory system ruzivo rwezvinhu zvatinoziva, asi tisingazive kurangarira. Izvi zvinosanganisira ndangariro dzezviitiko zvakaitika tisati taberekwa (senziyo dziri mudumbu), pamwe chete nendangariro dzatakakanganwa kana kuti kudzvinyirirwa. Iyo sub conscious memory system inowanzo wanikwa kuburikidza nemanzwiro uye intuition kwete kuburikidza nepfungwa yekuziva.

Yeuka Memory

Rangarira ndangariro, kune rumwe rutivi, iko kugona kurangarira ruzivo pasina chero ekunze cues. Izvi zvinowanzoonekwa se "yakachena" fomu yekurangarira sezvo inoda kuti iwe udaro tora ruzivo kubva mundangariro yako pasina rubatsiro.

Olfactory Memory

Olfactory memory inoreva kurangarirwa kwehwema. Rudzi urwu rwendangariro runowanzova rwakasimba kwazvo, uye vanhu vanogona kazhinji kurangarira munhuwi kubva paudiki hwavo kana kubva kuhukama hwekare. Ndangariro dzinonhuwa dzimwe nguva dzinogona kuva dzakaoma kukanganwa, uye dzinogona kazhinji kazhinji kumutsa mirangariro yakasimba.

Tactile Memory

Tactile memory ndiko kugona kurangarira manzwiro ekubata. Izvi zvinosanganisira maumbirwo ezvinhu, kudziya kwekamuri, uye kunzwa kweganda romumwe munhu. Tactile ndangariro dzinowanzochengetwa mundangariro dzedu dzenguva refu, uye dzinogona kuva dzakaoma kukanganwa.

Visual Memory

Murangariro wekuona kugona kurangarira zvatinoona. Izvi zvinosanganisira kukwanisa kuyeuka zviso, zvinhu, uye zviono. Chiyeuchidzo chekuona kazhinji chakasimba kwazvo, uye vanhu vanogona kazhinji kurangarira mifananidzo kubva paudiki hwavo kana kubva kuhukama hwekare. Ndangariro dzinooneka dzimwe nguva dzinogona kuva dzakaoma kukanganwa, uye dzinogona kazhinji kazhinji kumutsa mirangariro yakasimba.

Auditory Memory

Auditory memory ndiko kugona kurangarira zvatinonzwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kukwanisa kuyeuka inzwi romumwe munhu, ruzha rwenzvimbo, uye ruzha rwenziyo. Chiyeuchidzo chekunzwa kazhinji chakasimba kwazvo, uye vanhu vanogona kazhinji kuyeuka manzwi kubva paudiki hwavo kana kubva kuhukama hwekare. Ndangariro dzokunzwa dzimwe nguva dzinogona kuva dzakaoma kukanganwa, uye dzinogona kazhinji kumutsa mirangariro yakasimba.

Yenguva refu Memory

Yenguva refu yendangariro masisitimu ehuropi akasarudzika anoshandiswa nevanhu kuchengetedza ruzivo. Mabasa akawanda akasiyana. Sezvo ndangariro dzokunzwa dzichingopenya mumasekonzi, uye ndangariro pfupi dzichigona kungova miniti imwe chete, yeuko dzinogara kwenguva refu dzingabva pachiitiko chimwe chetecho chakatora maminiti 5 kana kuti chimwe chinhu chakaitika anopfuura makore 20 apfuura.

Kuyeuka kwenguva refu kwakasiyana zvinoshamisa. Kazhinji inoziva uye inoda kuti uropi hwedu hugare huchifunga nezve chimwe chinhu kuitira kuti tiyeuke chimwe chinhu. Dzimwe nguva ivo havana chavanoziva uye vanongoonekwa vari muchimiro pasina chero chavanorangarira.

Yenguva refu ndangariro - LTM kana Yakareba Memory - ndangariro umo yakawanda data inogona kuchengetwa zvachose. Kana tichitaura nezve ndangariro dzenguva refu, isu kazhinji tichireva episodic uye semantic ndangariro (ona pazasi). Zvisinei, pane humbowo hunoratidza kuti pangava nemhando dzakasiyana dzendangariro dzenguva refu, imwe neimwe iine maitiro ayo akasiyana.

Kuchine zvakawanda zvinofanira kudzidzwa pamusoro pendangariro yenguva refu. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vari kudzidza marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekuyeuka kwenguva refu (semuenzaniso, episodic, semantic, procedural, etc.), uye kuti ane hukama sei kune mumwe nemumwe. Vamwe vari kuferefeta nzira dzekuvandudza kurangarira kwenguva refu (semuenzaniso, nekushandisa midziyo yemnemonic, kuwedzera kukurudzirwa kwekuziva, nezvimwewo).

Declarative memory vs. Non Declarative Memory

Declarative memory imhando yendangariro yenguva refu inosanganisira chokwadi uye ruzivo. Urwu rudzi rwendangariro runogona kurangarirwa nokungwarira, uye runowanzoshandiswa kurangarira mashoko anokosha kwatiri. Declarative ndangariro dzinogona kunge dziri semantic (inoenderana neruzivo) kana episodic (inoenderana nezviitiko zvemunhu).

Non-declarative memory, kune rumwe rutivi, rudzi rweyeuko yenguva refu isingabatanidzi maidi kana kuti zivo. Urwu rudzi rwendangariro kazhinji kazhinji haruzivi chinhu, uye runoshandiswa kurangarira mashoko anokosha kwatiri. Ndangariro dzisiri-dzinozivisa dzinogona kuve dzemaitiro (zvinechekuita nehunyanzvi) kana manzwiro (ane chekuita nemanzwiro).

Semantic Memory

Semantic ndangariro ndiyo ruzivo runogara kwenguva refu rwakachengetwa nevanhu. Rumwe ruzivo rwuri mu semantic memory ine chekuita nerumwe rudzi rweruzivo rwuri mundangariro dzemunhu. Kunze kwokurangarira manzwi nemirangariro yainzwiwa nomunhu amene, munhu anogona kurangarira maidi emhemberero yacho. Semantics inogona kuve neruzivo nezve vanhu kana nzvimbo dzatisina hukama kana hukama.

Semantic memory imhando yendangariro yenguva refu inochengeta ruzivo rwenyika yakatitenderedza. Izvi zvinosanganisira ruzivo rwechokwadi rwakadai seguta guru reFrance kana zita remutungamiri wekutanga weUnited States. Ndangariro dzeSemantic dzinowanzo kuwanikwa pasina chero kuedza uye dzinowanzodzoserwa otomatiki (semuenzaniso, kana tikaona mufananidzo wembwa, isu tinongofunga "imbwa").

Operant conditioning (inozivikanwawo sechishandiso chekugadzirisa) imhando yendangariro ine chekuita nekudzidza inoitika semhedzisiro yemhedzisiro yemaitiro. Pane misimboti ina yakakosha yeoperanti conditioning:

Reinforcement

Kusimbisa imhando yekudzidza inoitika semhedzisiro yemaitiro. Pane misimboti ina yakakosha yeoperanti conditioning:

• kusimbisa kwakanaka,
• kusimbaradza kwakashata,
• kurangwa, uye
• kupera.

Kusimbisa kwakanaka kunoitika kana maitiro akasimbiswa (akawedzera) nekuratidzwa kwekukurudzira kwakanaka. Semuenzaniso, kana iwe ukapa mumwe munhu kurapwa pese paanoita chimwe chinhu chaunoda kuti aite, saka uri kushandisa kusimbaradza kwakanaka.

Kusimbisa kusina kunaka kunoitika apo mufambiro unosimbiswa (unowedzera) nekubviswa kwekukurudzira kusina kunaka. Somuenzaniso, kana ukarega kusvuta fodya nokuti haudi kufa, unenge uri kushandisa simba rekusimbisa.

chitarafu

Kurangwa kunoitika kana hunhu hunorangwa (hwakadzikira) nekuratidzwa kwekukurudzira kwakashata. Somuenzaniso, kana ukarova mwana wako pose paanotadza, unenge uri kushandisa chirango.

kutsakatika

Kutsakatika kunoitika kana hunhu husisasimbiswe (kana kurangwa). Semuenzaniso, kana ukarega kupa mwana wako zvibatiso pese paanoita chimwe chinhu chaunoda kuti aite, unenge uri kushandisa kupera.

Kupora kwechimbichimbi

Kudzoreredza kunongoerekana kwaitika kudzokororwa kwehunhu hwakambodzimwa mushure menguva iyo maitiro asina kusimbiswa. Semuenzaniso, kana ukarega kupa mwana wako zvibatiso pese paanoita chimwe chinhu chaunoda kuti aite, unenge uri kushandisa kupera. Zvisinei, kana mwana wako akatanga kuzvibata zvakanaka zvakare mushure memazuva mashomanana asina kubatwa, saka uyu muenzaniso wekungoerekana wapora.

Non-associative Memory: Habituation uye Sensitization

Non-associative memory imhando yendangariro isingabatanidzi hukama pakati pezvinhu kana zviitiko. Kune marudzi maviri endangariro dzisiri-associative: kugara nekunzwa.Habituation imhando yendangariro dzisingabatanidzi dzinoitika kana tajaira kumwe kurudziro.

Somuenzaniso, kana tikanzwa kurira kwebhero richirira kasingaperi, pakupedzisira tinorega kunzwa inzwi racho. Izvi ndezvokuti uropi hwedu hwakagara kune ruzha rwebhero uye hwakamira kuipindura.Sensitization rudzi rwekuyeuka kusina-associative kunoitika kana tava kunyanya kunetseka kune chimwe chinhu chinokurudzira.

Mumwe muenzaniso, kana tikaramba tichisangana nekunhuhwirira kweammonia, tinozopedzisira tatanga kurwara patinonzwa kunhuwa. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti uropi hwedu hwakakurudzira kunhuhwirira kweammonia uye yakatanga kuipindura nemanzwiro asina kunaka.

Kudhinda seRudzi rweAssociative Memory

Izvi zvinosanganisira nzira yekudzidza nekurangarira maitiro echinhu kana chipenyu. Inonyanya kuonekwa mumhuka, apo mhuka ichangoberekwa ichakurumidza kudzidza kuziva uye kuziva vabereki vayo.

Konrad Lorenz akanga ari nyanzvi yezvinyorwa zveGermany akadzidza kudhindwa mumhuka muma1930. Akaona kuti kana mwana weshiri kana kuti imwe mhuka duku yaibviswa pavabereki vayo isati yawana banza rokuziva kuti ndivanaani, yaizoroverera pachinhu chipi nechipi chaifamba.

Semuyenzaniso, kana wabvisa chikwee kuna amai varo wochiisa muchirugu chine mamwe madhadha, dhadha rinozonyora pane mamwe madhadha rotevera.

Kunyora kunoitika kana mhuka yazvarwa uye vanogadzira kubatanidza chinhu chekutanga chainoona. Lorenz akaona kuti madhadha matsva akachochonywa aizotevera chinhu chekutanga chaakaona - kazhinji Lorenz pachake.

Memory uye Brain Research

Pasinei nezviri kuitika munguva pfupi yapfuura, pachine matambudziko anokosha ekugadzirisa. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu izvi zvinosanganisira ma molecular maitiro eKurangarira kudzoreredza uye kuora. Tora mienzaniso maitiro anopesvedzera iyo synaptic simba reeurons muLTPs yehippocampus. Mumushumo wavo, Hardt et. (2013) akacherechedza kuti kunyange zvazvo mamolecular maitiro aisanganisira kutanga LTPC akatsanangurwa zvakajeka, kuora kwekutanga uye kunonoka TPA kunoramba kusina kudzidza.

Muchinyorwa ichi, kunotaurwa kuti kuchine matambudziko akakosha ekugadzirisa munzvimbo yeMemory. Rimwe dambudziko rakadaro kuora kwekutanga uye kunonoka TPA. Izvi zvinoreva kuburitswa kweTransient Presynaptic Acetylcholine, inova chiyero chekuti synapse inofambisa sei masaini. Chinyorwa ichi chinopa zano kuti tsvakiridzo yakawanda inofanirwa kuitwa munzvimbo iyi kuitira kuti tiwedzere kunzwisisa kwedu Memory saka shandisa yedu memory bvunzo.

Mumwe muenzaniso ibasa re microglia mukurangarira kurangarira. Microglia masero anodzivirira huropi kubva kuhutachiona uye zvirwere. Ivo vanobatanidzwawo mukugadzirisa kwekuputika, izvo zvinodiwa pakuporesa. Nekudaro, tsvakiridzo ichangoburwa yakaratidza kuti microglia inogona kuitawo basa mukurangarira kurangarira. Muchidzidzo chakaitwa naTakahashi et al. (2013), zvakaonekwa kuti microglia inodiwa pakubudirira kuyeuka kwendangariro mumakonzo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti microglia inogona kuve yakakosha pakurangarira kurangarira muvanhu zvakare.

Iyi ingori mienzaniso miviri yematambudziko mazhinji achiri kuda kugadziriswa mumunda weMemory. Nekutsvagisa kwakawanda, tichakwanisa kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti sei Memory inoshanda uye nzira yekuvandudza izvozvo.

Mubvunzo mumwe unokosha uyo vatsvakurudzi vachiri kuedza kupindura ndewekuti ndangariro dzenguva refu dzinoumbwa uye dzinochengetwa sei. Zvinotendwa kuti kune marudzi maviri makuru ekurangarira kwenguva refu: akajeka uye akajeka. ndangariro dzakajeka, dzinozivikanwawo sedeclarative memory, imhando yendangariro yenguva refu inochengeta ruzivo rwunogona kurangarirwa nehana. Ikoku kunobatanidza ndangariro dzezvokwadi nezviitiko, pamwe chete nendangariro dzomunhu oga. Kurangarira kwakajeka, kune rumwe rutivi, rudzi rweyeuko yenguva refu inochengeta mashoko asingayeukwi nokungwarira. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita seunyanzvi nemaitiro.

Vatsvagiri vachiri kuyedza kunzwisisa kuti ndangariro dzakajeka uye dzakajeka dzinoumbwa uye kuchengetwa sei. Imwe dzidziso ndeyekuti ndangariro dzakajeka dzinochengetwa muhippocampus, nepo ndangariro dzakakwana dzichichengetwa mucerebellum. Zvisinei, dzidziso iyi haisati yasimbiswa. Imwe dzidziso ndeyokuti ndangariro dzakajeka uye dzakajeka dzinoumbwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Semuyenzaniso, ndangariro dzakajeka dzinogona kuumbwa kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekubatanidza, nepo ndangariro dzakakwana dzinogona kuumbwa kuburikidza nemaitiro ekudzokorora.

Pasinei nekufambira mberi kwemazuva ano, kuchine zvakawanda zvekudzidza pamusoro pekuti ndangariro dzenguva refu dzinoumbwa uye kuchengetwa sei. Nekutsvagisa kwakawanda, tichakwanisa kunzwisisa zviri nani maitiro aya uye kunatsa kugona kwedu kuumba nekuchengeta ndangariro.

Sezvinoonekwa, kune marudzi mazhinji akasiyana endangariro, imwe neimwe ine yayo yakasarudzika seti yezvimiro. Kunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana-siyana endangariro kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti tinorangarira sei zvinhu uye kuti tingavandudza sei ndangariro dzedu.

Chakavanzika chendangariro chomunhu chichiri kudzidzwa, uye kuchine zvakawanda zvatisingazivi. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanwa pamusoro pemashandiro anoita ndangariro.

Chinhu chimwe chakakosha kunzwisisa pamusoro pendangariro dzevanhu ndechekuti hachisi chinhu chimwe chete. Memory chaizvoizvo inoumbwa nezvikamu zvakasiyana, chimwe nechimwe chine basa razvo chairo. Izvi zvikamu zvinosanganisira hippocampus, cerebellum, uye cortex.

Hippocampus

Iyo hippocampal system inokonzera kuumbwa kwendangariro itsva. Inobatanidzwawo mukubatanidzwa kwendangariro dzenguva refu.

1. Iyo hippocampus ine basa rekuumbwa kwendangariro nyowani
2. Inobatanidzwawo mukubatanidzwa kwendangariro dzenguva refu
3. Iyo hippocampus iri mu medial temporal lobe
4. Zvakakosha pakudzidza nekuyeuka
5. Kukuvadza kune hippocampus kunogona kukonzera zvinetso zvemusoro

Iyo Cerebellum

Iyo cerebellum ine basa rekuchengetedza ndangariro dzenguva refu. Cerebellum yedu iri mu posterior lobe yeuropi. Iyo cerebellum inotarisira kuchengetedza kwenguva refu yekuyeuka Inowanikwa mumashure ekupedzisira europi. Iyo cerebellum yakakosha pakudzidza kwemota uye kuenzanisa, kukuvadzwa kwecerebellum kunogona kukonzera matambudziko ekurangarira uye kusagadzikana kwekufamba.

The Cortex

Iyo cortex ndiyo ine basa rekudzoreredza ndangariro. Ichi chikamu cheuropi chinoshandiswa patinoedza kurangarira chimwe chinhu. Iyo cortex inobatawo pfungwa dzedu, kusanganisira kuona, kunhuwa, uye kubata. Iyo cortex ndiyo ine mutoro wepamusoro mabasa ekuziva, zvakadai sengwariro, mutauro, uye maonero. Iyo cortex inobatanidzwawo mukudzoreredza ndangariro.

Iyo cortex inoumba huwandu hwehuropi huzhinji Hunokosha pakuziva uye maitiro ekufunga.

The ubongo ane mutoro wemifungo yedu yose, manzwiro, uye zviito zvedu. Ndiro zvakare rine mutoro wendangariro dzedu. Uropi inhengo yakaoma kunzwisisa, uye tichiri kudzidza nezvemashandiro ahwo. Zvisinei, tinoziva kuti uropi hunokosha muupenyu hwomunhu.

Chimwe chinhu chinofadza pamusoro pendangariro yomunhu ndechokuti haina kukwana. Kutaura idi, ndangariro yomunhu kazhinji kazhinji haivimbiki. Ikoku imhaka yokuti ndangariro dzedu dzinowanzopesvedzerwa nemirangariro yedu nezvatinotenda. Semuenzaniso, vanhu vanoona hutsotsi vanowanzoyeuka chiitiko chacho zvakasiyana nevanhu vasina kuona mhosva yacho. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti ndangariro dzavo dzinopesvedzerwa nechimiro chavo chendangariro panguva yechiitiko.

Pasinei nokusakwana kwayo, ndangariro yomunhu isimba rinoshamisa rinotibvumira kuchengeta uye kuyeuka mashoko akawanda.

Elon Musk's akakurudzira uropi-kombuta interface ingangoda tsvakiridzo yekuti marudzi akasiyana endangariro masisitimu anoshanda sei biologically. Tsvagiridzo iyi yaizotibatsira kuti tinzwisise zviri nani kuti ndangariro dzinoumbwa uye kuchengetwa sei, izvo zvingave zvakakosha pakugadzira yakabudirira brain-computer interface.

Kutsvakurudza Kwekuyeuka Kwenguva Yakareba

Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vari kuongorora ndangariro dzenguva refu ndiDr. James McGaugh, Dr. Endel Tulving, uye Dr. Brenda Milner.

Dr. James McGaugh inyanzvi yezveuropiyo yakaita tsvakurudzo yakawanda pamusoro pekuyeuka kwenguva refu. Akawana kuti kune marudzi akasiana-siana endangariro yenguva refu, imwe neimwe ine mavara ayo emene akasiyana. Akawanawo kuti ndangariro yenguva refu inogona kuva inovandudzwa nekushandisa mnemonic zvishandiso uye kuwedzera kuziva kukurudzira.

Endel Tulving ari Kuziva bvunzo psychologist uyo akaita tsvakiridzo yakawandisa pane episodic memory (ona pazasi). Akaona kuti episodic memory inoumbwa nezvikamu zviviri: chikamu chekuyeuka uye chikamu chekuziva.

Chikamu chekuyeuka chinoreva kukwanisa kuyeuka tsanangudzo yechiitiko, uye chikamu chekuziva chinoreva kukwanisa kuyeuka kuti uri kuyeuka chiitiko.

Akaona zvakare kuti episodic ndangariro inogona kukanganiswa nekukuvadzwa kwehippocampus (chimiro chiri muuropi chinobatanidzwa mukuumbwa kwendangariro).

Dr. Brenda Milner ndiye neuropsychologist uyo akaita tsvakurudzo pamusoro pe episodic memory uye amnesia (kurasika kwekuyeuka) Akaona kuti vanhu vane amnesia vanogona kuramba vachiyeuka ruzivo rwakachengetwa mundangariro ye semantic (ona pazasi), asi havagone kurangarira ruzivo rwakachengetwa mu episodic memory.

Saina kuMemTrax - Tsigira Basa Redu

 

Peer akaongororwa zvidzidzo References:

-Hardt, O., Wang, Y., & Sheng, M. (2013). Molecular nzira dzekugadzirisa ndangariro. Masikirwo Ongororo Neuroscience, 14 (11), 610-623.

-Takahashi, R., Katagiri, Y., Yokoyama, T., & Miyamoto, A. (2013). Microglia inodiwa kuti ibudirire kudzoserwa kwekutya ndangariro. Nature Communications, DOI:

Ashford, J. (2014). Dzidziso dzekugadzira ndangariro nekuchengetedza. Yakadzorerwa kubva https://www.ashford.edu/faculty/jashford/theories-of-memory-formation-and-storage

-Ashford, JW (2013). Dzidziso dzeChirangaridzo. Yakadzorerwa kubva https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/memory-7/theories-of-memory-31/

-Baddley, A. (2012). Yako Memory: A User's Guide. London: Robinson.

-Ebbinghaus, H. (2013). Memory: Mupiro kune Kuedza Psychology. New York: Dover Publications.

-Squire, LR, Wixted, JT (2007). Iyo neuroscience yekurangarira kwevanhu kubvira HM. Ongororo yegore negore yeNeuroscience, 30, 259-288. DOI:

-Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Memory: Mupiro kune Kuedza Psychology. New York: Dover Publications.

Ashford, J. (2011). Basa reiyo medial temporal lobe mundangariro dzakajeka. Masikirwo Ongororo Neuroscience, 12 (8), 512-524.

Muchikamu chino, Ashford inokurukura nezvebasa remukati menguva lobe mundangariro dzakajeka. Anotaura kuti medial temporal lobe yakakosha pakuumbwa kwendangariro dzakajeka. Anokurukurawo kukosha kweiyo hippocampus mukugadzirisa ndangariro.

-Hardt, O., Nader, KA, & Wolf, M. (2013). Memory consolidation uye reconsolidation: synaptic maonero. Maitiro mune neuroscience, 36 (12), 610-618. doi:S0166-2236(13)00225-0 [pii]

Sezvinoonekwa, kune marudzi mazhinji akasiyana endangariro, imwe neimwe ine yayo yakasarudzika seti yezvimiro. Kunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana-siyana endangariro kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti tinorangarira sei zvinhu uye kuti tingavandudza sei ndangariro dzedu.