Mhando dzendangariro

Kune marudzi akawanda endangariro. Idzi mhando dzendangariro dzinobatira chinangwa chaicho mukutibatsira kurangarira ruzivo. Kana iwe uchida kudzidza nezvemhando dzakasiyana dzendangariro zvakadzama tinopinda mazviri zvakadzama muchinyorwa - Mhando Dzakasiyana Dzendangariro.

Iyo Human Memory Systems

Ndangariro yemunhu inonakidza, uye masayendisiti achiri kushanda kuti anzwisise quirks uye kugona kwayo. Ndangariro inogona kukamurwa zvakafara kuva marudzi matatu: ndangariro yekushanda, ndangariro yenguva pfupi, uye ndangariro yenguva refu.

Ko ndangariro dzemunhu dzinoshanda sei?

Iko kushanda ndangariro ndiko uko ruzivo rwunonyatsogadziriswa uye nekushandurwa. Kuyeuka kwenguva pfupi ndiko uko mashoko anochengetwa kwenguva pfupi, somuenzaniso, paunenge uchidzokorora nhamba yefoni kwauri kuti ugoiyeuka. Murangariro wokunzwa unorangarira mashoko anonzwisiswa kupfurikidza nemirangariro, zvakadai sokunzwika kwenzwi romumwe munhu kana kuti kuona kwechiso. Apo tinorangarira ndangariro, dzinowanzopfuura nomumatanho ose aya dzisati dzachengetwa mundangariro dzenguva refu.

Yenguva pfupi Yekuyeuka Inotsanangurwa

Yenguva pfupi ndangariro, inozivikanwawo sekushanda ndangariro, imhando yendangariro inotibvumira kurangarira nekugadzirisa ruzivo kwenguva pfupi. Kurangarira uku kwakakosha pamabasa emazuva ese sekurangarira nhamba yefoni yakarebesa kuti uifonere kana kurangarira zvaunoda kutenga muchitoro chegirosari.

Yenguva pfupi yekurangarira inofungidzirwa kuti inochengetwa muprefrontal cortex uye hippocampus yehuropi. Yenguva pfupi-yenguva yekurangarira inotenderedza zvinhu zvinomwe, kuwedzera kana kubvisa maviri. Izvi zvinoreva kuti munhu anogona kazhinji kurangarira pakati pezvinhu zvishanu nezvipfumbamwe panguva imwe chete.

Nguva yendangariro yenguva pfupi inofungidzirwawo kuva yakaganhurirwa. Imwe dzidziso inoratidza kuti ndangariro dzenguva pfupi dzinogona kungochengeta ruzivo kusvika kumasekonzi makumi matatu. Zvisinei, kumwe kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti vanhu vanogona kuyeuka mashoko kwenguva yakareba kana vakakumbirwa kuita basa, zvakadai sokudzokorora mashoko acho zvinonzwika kana kuti kuashandisa kugadzirisa chinetso.

Imwe nzira yekufunga nezveyeuko yenguva pfupi yakafanana nekadhi rendangariro. Zvinotibvumira kunyora pasi zvidimbu zvishoma zvemashoko kuitira kuti tigozozvishandisa gare gare. Nekudaro, kana tikasaendesa ruzivo kubva mundangariro yedu yenguva pfupi kuenda kundangariro yenguva refu, inozongozokanganwika.

Yenguva Yakareba Yekuyeuka Inotsanangurwa.

Kune matatu marudzi ekutanga enguva refu yekuyeuka: semantic, episodic ndangariro, uye maitiro.

Semantic memory inoreva kuunganidzwa kweruzivo rwepasirese. Izvi zvinosanganisira ruzivo nezve pfungwa, pfungwa, uye chokwadi. Iyi ndangariro inotizivisa kuti chigaro chii uye mashandisirwo acho.

Episodic memory inoreva zviitiko zvedu pachedu uye ndangariro. Kurangarira uku kunoita kuti tiyeuke zvatakaita nezuro kana kwatakaenda kuzororo gore rapfuura.

Procedural memory ine basa rekugona kwedu kudzidza hunyanzvi hutsva uye kuita mamwe mabasa. Kurangarira uku kunotibatsira kusunga shangu dzedu, kuchovha bhasikoro, kana kutyaira motokari.

Ese matatu marudzi ekurangarira kwenguva refu akakosha pahupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Pasina semantic ndangariro, hatingakwanise kutaura nevamwe kana kunzwisisa nyika yakatitenderedza. Episodic ndangariro yakakosha pakurarama kwedu uye inotibatsira kubatana nevamwe. Procedural memory yakakosha pakuita akawanda emabasa atinotora seakareruka.

Nepo ese matatu marudzi enguva refu yekurangarira akakosha, semantic uye episodic memory ndiwo akanyatso dzidza. Vatsvaguri vanotenda kuti kurangarira kwemaitiro kunogona kuve kwakaoma kudzidza nekuti kunowanzo kuve kwakajeka, zvichireva kuti isu hatizive nezvehunyanzvi kana ruzivo rwatakawana.

Ingave semantic, episodic, kana procedural, zvese zvenguva refu ndangariro dzinochengetwa muuropi. Nzvimbo chaiyo yezviyeuchidzo izvi haisati yazivikanwa, asi masayendisiti anotenda kuti akagoverwa mukati me cortex. Iyo cortex ndiyo huropi hwekunze kwemusara uye inobata mabasa mazhinji epamusoro-soro, akadai semutauro nekuita sarudzo.

Kushanda Memory Mabasa Anotsanangurwa

Unogona kunge uchiziva nezveshoko rekuti “working memory” kubva kumazuva ako kuchikoro. Kushanda ndangariro imhando yendangariro inobvumidza iwe kubatirira paruzivo kwenguva yakakwana kuti uishandise. Ndizvo zvinokutendera kuti urangarire nhamba yefoni yakarebesa kuti uifonere kana kurangarira rairo yakareba zvakakwana kuti uitevere.

Yakakosha kumabasa emazuva ese asi inogona kuve yakakosha mukirasi. Imhaka yokuti vadzidzi vanofanira kukwanisa kuyeuka mashoko kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana kuti vaanzwisise uye vashandise mubasa ravo.

Kushanda ndangariro, imhando yendangariro inokutendera iwe kubata ruzivo kwenguva pfupi kuti ugone kuishandisa. Iyi ndangariro yakakosha kumabasa emazuva ese sekurangarira nhamba yefoni kana kutevera mirairo.

Sensory memory

Ndangariro dzokunzwa dzinorangarira chiitiko chokunzwa, zvakadai sezvatinoona, kunzwa, kunzwa, kana kuti kunhuwidza. Izvo hazvibatanidzi kugadzirisa uye kupera nekukurumidza kunze kwekunge "yakaiswa" mundangariro yenguva pfupi kana yenguva refu.

Implicit Memory

Ndangariro dzakakwana, dzinodaidzwawo kuti dzisiri-declarative memory, imhando yendangariro yenguva refu isingade pfungwa yekuziva kuti idzoke. Imhando yendangariro yatinoshandisa pakuita hunyanzvi kana mabasa angove otomatiki, sekuchovha bhasikoro kana kusunga shangu dzedu.

Memory Yakajeka

Kurangarira kwakajeka kunoreva rudzi rweyeuko yenguva refu inotibvumira kurangarira ruzivo nekuziva. Ndangariro dzakajeka dzinosanganisira ndangariro dzevanhu, nzvimbo, zviitiko, uye zviitiko. Semantic memory imhando yendangariro dzakajeka dzinochengeta ruzivo rwepasirese, semazita enyika kana guta guru reUnited States. Episodic memory ndiyo imwe mhando yendangariro dzakajeka dzinochengeta zviitiko kana zviitiko kubva muhupenyu hwedu, senge imwe zororo kana yekuzvarwa bato.

Iconic Memory

Imhando yendangariro yekunzwa ine chekuita neruzivo rwekuona. Cognitive psychologist Ulric Neisser akatanga kuikurudzira muna 1967. Akawana kuti vatori vechikamu vaigona kunyatsoyeuka mufananidzo wavakanga vaona kwemamilliseconds mashoma.

Nekudaro, iconic memory haina kukwana. Ongororo yakaitwa naSperling (1960) yakawana kuti vanhu vaingokwanisa kuyeuka zvinhu zvina kubva pane rondedzero yemakumi akati wandei akaunzwa kwemasekonzi mashoma.

Nepo ndangariro yedu yemufananidzo isina kukwana, ichiri chikamu chakakosha chemaitiro atinoita nekurangarira ruzivo. Inotibvumira kukurumidza kuchengetedza ruzivo rwekuona kuitira kuti tigokwanisa kuawana gare gare.

Autobiographical Memory.

Autobiographical memory ndiyo ndangariro yedu yezviitiko chaizvo zvakaitika kwatiri. Rudzi urwu rwendangariro runowanzova rwakajeka zvikuru uye rwakajeka. Tinogona kuyeuka zviitiko izvi 'kuti ndiani, chii, kupi, rini, uye nei. Autobiographical ndangariro dzinowanzova dzinofara- sekutanga kutsvoda kana kupedza kudzidza. Asi zvinogonawo kukuvadza, setsaona yemotokari kana kufa kwemudiwa.

Echoic Memory.

Echoic ndangariro ndiko kurangarira kwedu kwekunzwa kwekunzwa- izvo zvatinonzwa. Isis inofungidzirwa kuti inogara kusvika kumasekonzi mana. Rudzi urwu rwendangariro rwakakosha kuzvinhu zvakaita sekutevera hurukuro uye kurangarira manzwi ekunyevera. Kazhinji inofananidzwa nematepi rekodha- zvinongotora nguva shoma kuchengetedza ruzivo.

FAQ

Tinorangarira sei ndangariro?

Kune marudzi matatu endangariro: ndangariro dzemahara, cued recall, uye serial recall. Kuchema, hazvina kunaka.

Kurangarira kwemahara ndipo patinoyedza kurangarira runyoro rwezvinhu pasina cues. Kurangarira kunoitwa kana tapihwa kukurumidza kana chirevo chekutibatsira kurangarira ruzivo. Serial recall ndipo patinofanira kurangarira zvinhu mune imwe order.

Nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzehuropi dzinoita mabasa akasiyana endangariro. Iyo hippocampus ine basa rekurangarira kwenguva refu uye kufamba kwenzvimbo. Iyo amygdala inokonzera ndangariro ndangariro. Iyo prefrontal cortex ine basa rekushanda ndangariro uye yenguva pfupi yekurangarira yekurangarira.

Ndezvipi zvikamu zvehuropi zvakabatana nekurangarira kurangarira?

Iyo hippocampus chikamu chehuropi chinonyanyobatanidzwa nekurangarira kurangarira. Nzvimbo iyi uropi hunoita basa kuitira kuchengetedza kwenguva refu yezviyeuchidzo. Iyo amygdala chimwe chikamu chehuropi chinogona kukanganisa kurangarira. Iyi nharaunda yehuropi inokonzeresa mhinduro dzemanzwiro uye inogona kukanganisa kuti munhu anorangarira sei chiitiko.

Dzimwe ndangariro dzakarurama kupfuura dzimwe here?

Zvinoitika kuti kune marudzi akasiyana endangariro, uye mamwe akarurama kupfuura mamwe. Semuenzaniso, rangarira ndangariro ndipo paunokwanisa kurangarira chimwe chinhu pasina chero manzwi. Mhando yendangariro iyi kazhinji haina kunyatso kurongeka pane dzimwe mhando nekuti zvinoenderana nekurangarira kwako chiitiko.

Tinogona kuvandudza unyanzvi hwedu hwekuyeuka here?

Mhinduro ndeyekuti hongu; tinogona.

Uropi hwedu hunobata marudzi matatu eruzivo rwekunzwa: kuona, kunzwa, uye kinesthetic. Mhando yega yega yeruzivo rwekunzwa inogadziriswa zvakasiyana nehuropi hwedu.

Murangariro wenguva pfupi unoonekwa unoreva zvinhu zvatinoona. Uropi hwedu hunoita ruzivo rwekuona zvakasiyana pane zvekunzwa kana ruzivo rwekinesthetic. Patinoona chimwe chinhu, uropi hwedu hunoumba mufananidzo wacho mupfungwa. Uyu mufananidzo wepfungwa unochengetwa mundangariro yedu yenguva pfupi yekuona.

Auditory short-term memory zvinoreva zvinhu zvatinonzwa. Yedu ubongo inogadzira ruzivo rwekunzwa zvakasiyana pane yekuona kana kinesthetic ruzivo. Patinonzwa chimwe chinhu, uropi hwedu hunomiririra ruzha. Ichi chiratidzo chepfungwa chakachengetwa mundangariro yedu yenguva pfupi yekunzwa.

Kinesthetic yenguva pfupi yekuyeuka inoreva zvinhu zvatinonzwa. Uropi hwedu hunoita ruzivo rwekinesthetic zvakasiyana pane ruzivo rwekuona kana rwekunzwa. Kana isu kunzwa chimwe chinhu, uropi hwedu nemaziso hunomiririra kunzwa. Ichi chinomiririra chepfungwa chinochengetwa mune yedu yenguva pfupi kinesthetic memory.

Ndeapi marudzi akasiyana ekurangarira?

Imwe nzira yekurangarira yekurangarira ndeyekurangarira mifananidzo kana eidetic memory. Izvi zvinoitika kana munhu akwanisa kuyeuka chifananidzo zvakadzama mushure mekungochiona kamwe chete. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pakati pezvikamu zviviri negumi kubva muzana zvevanhu vane mano aya.

Imwe mhando yekuyeuka yendangariro inonzi mabasa akaomarara, ayo anoreva kugona kurangarira kuita chimwe chinhu mushure mekuchiona chaitwa kamwe. Uku kurangarira kunowanzoonekwa muuduku apo vana vanodzidza kusunga shangu dzavo kana kuchovha bhasikoro.

Nekudaro, hadzisi dzese ndangariro dzinosikwa dzakaenzana. Vamwe mitambo yemasvomhu inotonhorera zvinogona kubatsira uropi hwako. Vamwe vanhu vanotambura nokusashanda zvakanaka kwendangariro, izvo zvingaita kuti zviome kurangarira kunyange mabasa ari nyore. Kusashanda zvakanaka kwendangariro kunogona kukonzerwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira zera, kukuvadzwa, uye zvirwere.