Utility wa MemTrax ndi Machine Learning Modelling mu Gulu la Mild Cognitive Impairment

Nkhani Yofufuza

Olemba: Bergeron, Michael F. | Landset, Sara | Zhou, Xianbo | Ding, Tao | Khoshgoftaar, Taghi M. | Zhao, Feng | Pa, Bo | Chen, Chinjie | Wang, Xuan | Zhong, Lianmei | Liu, Xiaolei| Ashford, J. Wesson

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-191340

Journal: Journal of Matenda a Alzheimer, vol. 77, ayi. 4, pp. 1545-1558, 2020

Kudalirika

Background:

Kufalikira ndi kufalikira kwa matenda a Alzheimer and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) yapangitsa kuyitana mwachangu kwa kafukufuku kuti atsimikizire kuzindikira koyambirira kwa kuzindikira ndi kuwunika.

Cholinga:

Cholinga chathu chachikulu chofufuza chinali kudziwa ngati ma metric osankhidwa a MemTrax ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso mawonekedwe azaumoyo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera pamawonekedwe olosera omwe amapangidwa ndi kuphunzira pamakina kuti agawire thanzi lachidziwitso (chabwinobwino motsutsana ndi MCI), monga momwe zingasonyezedwere. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).

Njira:

Tidachita kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana pa 259 neurology, chipatala cha kukumbukira, ndi odwala achikulire omwe adalembedwa kuchokera awiri. zipatala ku China. Wodwala aliyense adapatsidwa MoCA ya chilankhulo cha ku China ndikudzipangira yekha kuzindikirika kosalekeza kwa MemTrax pa intaneti. mayeso okumbukira pa intaneti tsiku lomwelo. Mitundu yolosera zam'magulu adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuphunzira pamakina ndi kutsimikizika kwamitundu 10, ndipo magwiridwe antchito adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC). Zitsanzo zinamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma metrics awiri a MemTrax (peresenti yolondola, nthawi yoyankhira), pamodzi ndi zochitika zisanu ndi zitatu zodziwika bwino za chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mbiri yaumwini.

Results:

Poyerekeza ophunzira m'magulu osankhidwa a MoCA ndi zing'onozing'ono, Naïve Bayes nthawi zambiri anali wophunzira wochita bwino kwambiri ndipo adachita bwino m'magulu onse a 0.9093. Kuphatikiza apo, pakati pa ophunzira atatu apamwamba, magwiridwe antchito a MemTrax anali apamwamba kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zida zinayi zokha (0.9119) poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zonse 10 (0.8999).

Kutsiliza:

Kuchita kwa MemTrax kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pamakina ophunzirira makina olosera ntchito yowunikira kuti muwone kuwonongeka kwachidziwitso koyambirira.

MAU OYAMBA

Zomwe zadziwika (ngakhale zosazindikirika) zomwe zafalikira komanso kufalikira komanso kukulirakulira kwachipatala, chikhalidwe, ndi anthu umoyo mtengo ndi kulemedwa kwa matenda a Alzheimer's (AD) ndi kufooka kwachidziwitso (MCI) zikuchulukirachulukira kwa onse omwe akuchita nawo [1, 2]. Chochitika chovutitsachi komanso chovutitsa ichi chapangitsa kuyitanidwa mwachangu kuti kafukufuku atsimikizire kuzindikira koyambirira kuwunikira mwachidziwitso ndi zida zowunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse pazochitika zaumwini komanso zachipatala kwa odwala okalamba kumadera osiyanasiyana ndi anthu [3]. Zida izi ziyeneranso kupereka zomasulira zosasinthika za zotsatira zamakawunidwe azaumoyo. Zopindulitsa zidzakwaniritsidwa podziwitsa odwala komanso kuthandizira madokotala kuzindikira kusintha kwakukulu koyambirira ndipo motero kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusasunthika kwachangu komanso kwanthawi yake, kukhazikitsa, ndikutsata chithandizo choyenera payekha komanso chotsika mtengo komanso chisamaliro cha odwala omwe ayamba kukumana nawo. kuchepetsa chidziwitso [3, 4].

Chida chapakompyuta cha MemTrax (https://memtrax.com) ndi njira yosavuta komanso yachidule yodzizindikiritsa yomwe ingathe kudzipangira nokha pa intaneti kuti muyese zovuta zokumbukira nthawi yomwe wogwiritsa ntchito amayankha zithunzi zobwerezabwereza osati kuwonetsero koyamba [5, 6]. Kafukufuku waposachedwa ndi zotsatirapo zake zikuyamba kuwonetsa pang'onopang'ono komanso palimodzi kuwonetsa mphamvu zachipatala za MemTrax kumayambiriro kwa AD ndi kuwunika kwa MCI [5-7]. Komabe, kufananitsa kwachindunji kwa chithandizo chamankhwala ndi zomwe zilipo thanzi lachidziwitso kuwunika ndi miyezo yodziwika bwino ndiyoyenera kudziwitsa akatswiri momwe amawonera ndikutsimikizira zofunikira za MemTrax pakuzindikira koyambirira ndi chithandizo chamankhwala. van der Hoek et al. [8] anayerekeza ma metrics osankhidwa a MemTrax (liwiro lakuchitapo ndi kulondola kwaperesenti) ndi chidziwitso monga momwe a Montreal adatsimikiza. Kuwunika Mwachidziwitso (MoCA). Komabe, kafukufukuyu anali wochepa pakuphatikiza ma metrics ochita izi ndi mawonekedwe a chidziwitso (monga momwe MoCA imatsimikizirira) ndikutanthauzira milingo yofananira ndi magawo odulira. Chifukwa chake, kuti tiwonjezere kafukufukuyu ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito amagulu ndi ukadaulo, funso lathu loyamba lofufuza linali:

  • Kodi munthu angasankhe MemTrax magwiridwe antchito ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi thanzi mbiri Makhalidwe azigwiritsidwa ntchito bwino munjira yolosera yopangidwa ndi kuphunzira pamakina kuti mugawire thanzi lachidziwitso mosiyanasiyana (zabwinobwino motsutsana ndi MCI), monga momwe zingasonyezedwere ndi kuchuluka kwa MoCA?

Chachiwiri kwa ichi, tikufuna kudziwa:

  • Kuphatikiziranso zomwezo, kodi makina ophunzirira makina a MemTrax angagwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera kwa wodwala kulosera kuopsa (kochepa ndi koopsa) m'magulu osankhidwa a kuwonongeka kwachidziwitso monga momwe zingatsimikizidwe ndi matenda odziyimira pawokha?

Kubwera ndi kusinthika kogwiritsa ntchito kwanzeru zopangira komanso kuphunzira pamakina pakuwunika / kuzindikira kwawonetsa kale maubwino apadera, ndi kulosera zam'tsogolo kumatsogolera azachipatala pakuwunika kovutirako kwa chidziwitso / thanzi laubongo ndi kasamalidwe ka odwala. Mu phunziro lathu, tinasankha njira yofananira mu MCI classification modeling ndi chidziwitso cha kusokonezeka kwachidziwitso cha tsankho monga momwe zatsimikiziridwa ndi matenda a kachipatala kuchokera m'ma dataset atatu omwe amaimira odwala odzifunira osankhidwa ndi odwala kunja kwa zipatala ziwiri ku China. Pogwiritsa ntchito makina odziwiratu zolosera zam'tsogolo, tidazindikira ophunzira omwe achita bwino kwambiri kuchokera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dataset/ophunzira ndipo tidayikapo mbali zomwe zikutitsogolera pofotokozera mitundu yothandiza kwambiri pazachipatala.

Malingaliro athu anali oti mtundu wovomerezeka wa MemTrax ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kugawa thanzi lachidziwitso mosiyanasiyana (zabwinobwino kapena MCI) kutengera muyezo wa MoCA, komanso kuti mtundu wolosera wofananira wa MemTrax ungagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino pakusankha kukhwima m'magulu osankhidwa a matenda kuwonongeka chidziwitso. Kuwonetsa zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa kungathandize kuthandizira mphamvu ya MemTrax ngati chithunzithunzi chodziwikiratu cha kuchepa kwa chidziwitso ndi kusokonezeka kwa chidziwitso. Kuyerekeza koyenera ndi makampani omwe amati mulingo wophatikizidwa ndi kumasuka komanso kufulumira kwa magwiridwe antchito kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri pothandiza azachipatala kugwiritsa ntchito chida chosavuta, chodalirika, komanso chopezeka ngati chida choyambirira chodziwira kuperewera kwa chidziwitso koyambirira (kuphatikiza prodromal). Njira yotereyi komanso zothandiza zingapangitse chisamaliro cha odwala panthawi yake komanso bwino komanso kuchitapo kanthu. Lingaliro lamtsogolo ili ndi ma metric ndi mitundu yowongoleredwa zitha kukhala zothandiza kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa kupitirira kwa dementia, kuphatikiza AD ndi AD-dementia yokhudzana ndi AD (ADRD).

ZIDA NDI NJIRA

Chiwerengero cha ophunzira

Pakati pa Januware 2018 ndi Ogasiti 2019, kafukufuku wamagulu osiyanasiyana adamalizidwa pa odwala omwe adalembedwa m'zipatala ziwiri ku China. Ulamuliro wa MemTrax [5] kwa anthu azaka za 21 ndi kupitilira apo komanso kusonkhanitsa ndi kusanthula detazo kudawunikiridwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndikuyendetsedwa motsatira mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino. Human Komiti Yoteteza Maphunziro a Yunivesite ya Stanford. MemTrax ndi mayeso ena onse a kafukufukuyu adachitidwa molingana ndi chilengezo cha Helsinki cha 1975 ndikuvomerezedwa ndi Institutional Review Board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University ku Kunming, Yunnan, China. Wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense adapatsidwa chidziwitso chodziwika fomu yoti muwerenge/kuwunikanso ndikuvomera mwakufuna kutenga nawo mbali.

Ophunzira adatengedwa kuchokera ku dziwe la odwala kunja kwachipatala cha neurology ku Yanhua Hospital (YH sub-dataset) ndi chipatala chokumbukira ku First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical Yunivesite (XL sub-dataset) ku Beijing, China. Ophunzirawo adalembedwanso kuchokera ku neurology (XL sub-dataset) ndi mankhwala amkati (KM sub-dataset) odwala ku First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University. Njira zophatikizira zikuphatikizapo 1) amuna ndi akazi osachepera zaka 21, 2) luso lolankhula Chitchainizi (Chimandarini), ndi 3) luso lomvetsetsa malangizo a pakamwa ndi olembedwa. Njira zosiyanitsira zinali masomphenya ndi kuwonongeka kwa magalimoto komwe kumalepheretsa ophunzira kumaliza Mayeso a MemTrax, komanso kulephera kumvetsetsa malangizo enieni a mayeso.

Mtundu waku China wa MemTrax

Intaneti Mayeso a MemTrax adamasuliridwa kulowa m'Chitchaina (URL: https://www.memtrax.com.cn) ndikusinthidwanso kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito kudzera pa WeChat (Shenzhen Tencent Computer Systems Co. LTD., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China) podziyendetsa. Zambiri zidasungidwa pa seva yamtambo (Ali Cloud) yomwe ili ku China ndipo ili ndi chilolezo kuchokera ku Alibaba (Alibaba Technology Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China) ndi SJN Biomed LTD (Kunming, Yunnan, China). Tsatanetsatane wa MemTrax ndi mayeso ovomerezeka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano afotokozedwa kale [6]. Mayesowa adaperekedwa kwaulere kwa odwala.

Njira zophunzirira

Kwa odwala ogonekedwa ndi odwala omwe ali kunja, mafunso onse amapepala osonkhanitsira zidziwitso za anthu komanso zaumwini monga zaka, kugonana, zaka zamaphunziro, ntchito, ndekha kapena ndi banja, ndipo mbiri yachipatala idayendetsedwa ndi membala wa gulu la kafukufukuyu. Pambuyo pomaliza kufunsa mafunso, mayeso a MoCA [12] ndi MemTrax adayendetsedwa (MoCA poyamba) osapitilira mphindi 20 pakati pa mayeso. Peresenti ya MemTrax yolondola (MTx-% C), nthawi yoyankhapo (MTx-RT), ndi tsiku ndi nthawi ya kuyesedwa zinalembedwa papepala ndi membala wa gulu la kafukufuku kwa wophunzira aliyense woyesedwa. Mafunso omalizidwa ndi zotsatira za MoCA zidakwezedwa mu Excel spreadsheet ndi wofufuza yemwe adayesa mayesowo ndikutsimikiziridwa ndi mnzake mafayilo a Excel asanasungidwe kuti aunikenso.

Mayeso a MemTrax

Mayeso a pa intaneti a MemTrax anali ndi zithunzi 50 (25 zapadera ndi 25 kubwereza; 5 seti ya zithunzi 5 za zochitika wamba kapena zinthu) zosonyezedwa mu dongosolo lachinyengo-mwachisawawa. Wotenga nawo mbali amatha (pa malangizo) akhudza batani loyambira pazenera kuti ayambe kuyesa ndikuyamba kuwona mndandanda wazithunzi ndikukhudzanso chithunzicho mwachangu pomwe chithunzi chobwerezedwa chikawonekera. Chithunzi chilichonse chinkawoneka kwa 3 s kapena mpaka chithunzi chomwe chili pa zenera chidakhudzidwa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chithunzi chotsatira chiwonetsedwe mwachangu. Pogwiritsa ntchito wotchi yamkati ya chipangizo chakomweko, MTx-RT pa chithunzi chilichonse idatsimikiziridwa ndi nthawi yomwe idadutsa kuchokera pakuwonetsa chithunzicho mpaka pomwe chinsalucho chidakhudzidwa ndi omwe adatenga nawo gawo poyankha kuwonetsa kuzindikira kwa chithunzicho ngati chomwe chidawonetsedwa kale. pa nthawi ya mayeso. MTx-RT idajambulidwa pachithunzi chilichonse, ndi 3 s yojambulidwa yosonyeza kuti palibe yankho. MTx-% C idawerengedwa kuti iwonetse kuchuluka kwa kubwereza ndi zithunzi zoyambirira zomwe wogwiritsa ntchito adayankha molondola (zowona zenizeni + zolakwika zenizeni zogawidwa ndi 50). Zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka MemTrax ndi kukhazikitsa, kuchepetsa deta, zosavomerezeka kapena "palibe yankho" deta, ndi kusanthula deta yoyambirira kumafotokozedwa kwina [6].

Mayeso a MemTrax adafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndipo mayeso oyeserera (okhala ndi zithunzi zapadera kupatula omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kujambula zotsatira) adaperekedwa kwa omwe akutenga nawo gawo m'chipatala. Ophunzira mu YH ndi KM sub-datasets adayesa MemTrax pa foni yamakono yomwe inali yodzaza ndi ntchito pa WeChat; pomwe odwala ochepa a XL adagwiritsa ntchito iPad ndipo ena onse amagwiritsa ntchito foni yamakono. Onse omwe adatenga nawo gawo adayesa mayeso a MemTrax ndi wofufuza akuyang'ana mosavutikira.

Montreal cognitive assessment

Mtundu waku Beijing wa Chinese MoCA (MoCA-BC) [13] udayendetsedwa ndikugoletsa ndi ofufuza ophunzitsidwa molingana ndi malangizo ovomerezeka. Moyenera, MoCA-BC yawonetsedwa kuti ndiyodalirika kuyesa kwa chidziwitso kuwunika pamilingo yonse yamaphunziro mwa akulu akulu aku China [14]. Mayeso aliwonse amatenga pafupifupi mphindi 10 mpaka 30 kuti ayesedwe potengera luso la kuzindikira la wophunzirayo.

MoCA classification modelling

Panali zinthu 29 zogwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikiza ziwiri za MemTrax kuyesa magwiridwe antchito ndi mawonekedwe 27 okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso thanzi zambiri za wophunzira aliyense. Mayeso onse a MoCA a wodwala aliyense adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuzindikira kwachidziwitso "benchmark" yophunzitsira zitsanzo zathu zolosera. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa MoCA idagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zilembo zamakalasi, sitinathe kugwiritsa ntchito ma aggregate (kapena zina zonse za MoCA) ngati gawo lodziyimira pawokha. Tidayesa koyambirira komwe tidatengera (kusankha thanzi lachidziwitso lofotokozedwa ndi MoCA) zipatala/zachipatala zitatu zoyambirira payekhapayekha ndikuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zonse. Komabe, zinthu zonse zofanana za deta sizinasonkhanitsidwe m'zipatala zinayi zomwe zikuyimira zigawo zitatu zazing'ono; motero, zambiri mwazinthu zathu mu dataset yophatikizika (pogwiritsa ntchito zonse) zinali ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu chosowa. Kenako tinapanga zitsanzo zokhala ndi data yophatikizika pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zodziwika bwino zomwe zidapangitsa kuti m'magulu azigwira bwino ntchito. Izi mwina zidafotokozedwa ndi kuphatikiza kokhala ndi zochitika zambiri zogwirira ntchito pophatikiza magawo atatu a odwalawo ndipo palibe mawonekedwe omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kosayenera kwa zikhalidwe zomwe zikusowa (chinthu chimodzi chokha mu dataset yophatikizidwa, mtundu wa ntchito, chinali ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zikusowa, zomwe zimakhudza. odwala atatu okha), chifukwa zinthu zomwe zidalembedwa pamasamba onse atatu zidaphatikizidwa. Zochititsa chidwi, tinalibe njira yokanira pachinthu chilichonse chomwe sichinaphatikizidwe mu dataset yophatikizidwa. Komabe, muzojambula zathu zoyambira zophatikizira za data, tidayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe onse kuchokera kumagulu atatu osiyana a odwala. Izi zidapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito azitsanzo omwe anali otsika kwambiri kuposa momwe amachitira poyamba pagulu laling'ono lililonse. Kuphatikiza apo, pomwe magwiridwe antchito amitundu yomangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe onse anali olimbikitsa, kwa ophunzira onse ndi masinthidwe amagulu, magwiridwe antchito adapitilira kuwirikiza kawiri mukamagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimafanana. M'malo mwake, pakati pa omwe adakhala ophunzira athu apamwamba, onse kupatula mtundu umodzi adasintha pakuchotsa zinthu zomwe sizinali wamba.

Zophatikiza zomaliza (YH, XL, ndi KM zophatikizidwa) zidaphatikiza zochitika 259, iliyonse ikuyimira aliyense wotenga nawo mbali yemwe adatenga mayeso a MemTrax ndi MoCA. Panali 10 zomwe zimagawidwa zodziyimira pawokha: MemTrax magwiridwe antchito: MTx-% C ndikutanthauza MTx-RT; zambiri za mbiri ya anthu ndi zachipatala: zaka, kugonana, zaka za maphunziro, mtundu wa ntchito (kolala yabuluu / kolala yoyera), chithandizo chamagulu (kaya woyesa amakhala yekha kapena ndi banja), ndipo inde/ayi mayankho oti wogwiritsa ntchitoyo anali ndi mbiri ya matenda a shuga, hyperlipidemia, kapena kuvulala koopsa muubongo. Ma metrics awiri owonjezera, kuchuluka kwa MoCA ndi kuchuluka kwa MoCA kosinthidwa kwa zaka zamaphunziro [12], adagwiritsidwa ntchito padera kupanga zilembo zodalira, potero kupanga njira ziwiri zofananira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pagulu lathu lophatikiza. Pamtundu uliwonse (wosinthidwa ndi wosasinthidwa) wa mphambu ya MoCA, detayo idasinthidwanso padera kuti ikhale yamagulu a binary pogwiritsa ntchito miyeso iwiri yosiyana-yomwe inalimbikitsidwa poyamba [12] ndi mtengo wina wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kulimbikitsidwa ndi ena [8, 15]. Mu dongosolo lina la magawo, wodwala ankawoneka kuti ali ndi thanzi labwino lachidziwitso ngati s / adapeza ≥23 pa mayeso a MoCA ndikukhala ndi MCI ngati mphambuyo inali 22 kapena pansi; pamene, m'magawo oyambirira omwe adalangizidwa, wodwalayo adayenera kulemba 26 kapena bwino pa MoCA kuti atchulidwe kuti ali ndi thanzi labwino lachidziwitso.

Zosefedwa za MoCA classification modelling

Tidawunikanso gulu la MoCA pogwiritsa ntchito njira zinayi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri: Chi-Squared, Gain Ratio, Gain Information, ndi Symmetrical Uncertainty. Pazowonera kwakanthawi, tidayika ma rankers ku dataset yonse yophatikizika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zathu zinayi zoyeserera. Maudindo onse adagwirizana pazofanana zapamwamba, mwachitsanzo, zaka, kuchuluka kwa zaka zamaphunziro, ndi ma metrics onse a MemTrax (MTx-% C, amatanthauza MTx-RT). Kenako timapanganso mitunduyo pogwiritsa ntchito njira iliyonse yosankha kuti tiphunzitse mitunduyi pazinthu zinayi zokha zapamwamba (onani Kusankha kwamachitidwe pansipa).

Zotsatira zisanu ndi zitatu zomaliza zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya MoCA zaperekedwa mu Gulu 1.

Gulu 1

Chidule cha kusiyanasiyana kwa ma modelling scheme omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pagulu la MoCA (Normal Thanzi Lachidziwitso ndi MCI)

Modelling SchemeNormal Cognitive Health (Kalasi Yoipa)MCI (Positive Class)
Zosinthidwa-23 Zosasefedwa/Zosefedwa101 (39.0%)158 (61.0%)
Zosinthidwa-26 Zosasefedwa/Zosefedwa49 (18.9%)210 (81.1%)
Zosasinthika-23 Zosasefedwa/Zosefedwa92 (35.5%)167 (64.5%)
Zosasinthika-26 Zosasefedwa/Zosefedwa42 (16.2%)217 (83.8%)

Chiwerengero chotsatira ndi peresenti ya odwala onse m'kalasi iliyonse amasiyanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha maphunziro (Osinthidwa kapena Osasinthika) ndi gawo laling'ono (23 kapena 26), monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito pamagulu onse awiri (Osasefedwa ndi Osefedwa).

MemTrax-based Clinical Evaluation Modeling

Pazolemba zathu zitatu zoyambirira (YH, XL, KM), odwala amtundu wa XL okha ndi omwe adapezeka kuti ali ndi vuto lachidziwitso (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwawo kwa MoCA sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhazikitsa gulu lazowoneka bwino ndi opuwala). Makamaka, odwala a XL adapezeka nawo Kuyesedwa kwa matenda a Alzheimer's (AD) kapena vascular dementia (VaD). Mkati mwa magulu onsewa, panali dzina lina la MCI. Kuzindikira kwa MCI, dementia, vascular neurocognitive disorder, ndi matenda a neurocognitive chifukwa cha AD adatengera njira zapadera komanso zodziwika bwino zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 [16]. Poganizira za matenda oyeretsedwawa, njira ziwiri zoyeserera zidagwiritsidwa ntchito padera pagawo laling'ono la XL kuti asiyanitse mulingo wazovuta (digiri ya kuwonongeka) pagulu lililonse lodziwika bwino. Deta yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazigawo zonse zowunikira (AD ndi VaD) zikuphatikizapo mbiri ya anthu ndi mbiri ya odwala, komanso ntchito ya MemTrax (MTx-% C, kutanthauza MTx-RT). Matenda aliwonse amalembedwa kuti ndi ofatsa ngati atchulidwa MCI; Apo ayi, kunkaonedwa kuti ndi koopsa. Poyamba tidaganiza zophatikizira kuchuluka kwa MoCA pamachitidwe ozindikira (ochepa ndi okhwima); koma tidatsimikiza kuti zingagonjetse cholinga cha dongosolo lathu lachiwiri lolosera zam'tsogolo. Apa ophunzirawo adzaphunzitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito makhalidwe ena odwala omwe amapezeka mosavuta kwa wopereka chithandizo ndi machitidwe a mayeso osavuta a MemTrax (m'malo mwa MoCA) motsutsana ndi "gold standard", matenda odziimira okhaokha. Panali zochitika 69 mu dataset ya AD ndi zochitika 76 za VaD (Table 2). M'ma dataset onse awiri, panali zinthu 12 zodziyimira pawokha. Kuphatikiza pa zinthu za 10 zomwe zikuphatikizidwa mumagulu a MoCA, mbiri ya odwala idaphatikizanso zambiri za mbiri ya matenda oopsa komanso sitiroko.

Gulu 2

Chidule cha kusiyanasiyana kwa masinthidwe oyeserera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikiritsa kuuma kwamagulu (Ochepa ndi Ovuta)

Modelling SchemeOfatsa (Kalasi Yoipa)Kwambiri (Kalasi Yabwino)
MCI-AD motsutsana ndi AD12 (17.4%)57 (82.6%)
MCI-VaD motsutsana ndi VaD38 (50.0%)38 (50.0%)

Chiwerengero chotsatira ndi peresenti ya odwala onse m'kalasi iliyonse amasiyanitsidwa ndi gulu loyamba la matenda (AD kapena VaD).

Statistics

Kuyerekeza kwa machitidwe omwe akutenga nawo mbali ndi zina za manambala pakati pa ndandanda yaying'ono pamalingaliro amtundu uliwonse wachitsanzo (kuneneratu za thanzi lachidziwitso cha MoCA ndi kuopsa kwa matenda) kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha pulogalamu ya Python (mtundu wa 2.7.1) [17]. Kusiyana kwa machitidwe a chitsanzo poyamba kunatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito chinthu chimodzi kapena ziwiri (monga momwe ziyenera kukhalira) ANOVA yokhala ndi nthawi yodalirika ya 95% ndi kuyesa kwa Tukey moona mtima kusiyana kwakukulu (HSD) kuyerekezera njira zogwirira ntchito. Kuwunika kumeneku kwa kusiyana pakati pa machitidwe achitsanzo kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito Python ndi R (mtundu 3.5.1) [18]. Tidagwiritsa ntchito njira iyi (ngakhale, yocheperako kuposa yabwino) ngati njira yothandizira panjira iyi. pachiyambi kwa kufananitsa koyambirira kwa magwiridwe antchito poyembekezera momwe angagwiritsire ntchito kuchipatala. Kenako tidagwiritsa ntchito mayeso osayina a Bayesian pogwiritsa ntchito kugawa kwapambuyo kuti tidziwe kuthekera kwa kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito [19]. Pakuwunika uku, tidagwiritsa ntchito nthawi -0.01, 0.01, kutanthauza kuti ngati magulu awiri ali ndi kusiyana kocheperako kuposa 0.01, amawonedwa ngati ofanana (m'chigawo chofanana), kapena mosiyana (amodzi kuposa winayo). Kuti tifanizire owerengera a Bayesian ndikuwerengera kuthekera kumeneku, tidagwiritsa ntchito laibulale ya baycomp (mtundu 1.0.2) pa Python 3.6.4.

Zolosera zam'tsogolo

Tinapanga zitsanzo zolosera pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu khumi yokwanira ya machitidwe athu kuti tidziwike (kuyika) zotsatira za mayeso a MoCA wa wodwala aliyense kapena kuopsa kwa matenda. Ophunzira onse adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo zitsanzozo zidamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yotseguka ya Weka [20]. Pakuwunika kwathu koyambirira, tidagwiritsa ntchito ma aligorivimu ophunzirira 10 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri: 5-Nearest Nearest, mitundu iwiri ya mtengo wachigamulo wa C4.5, Logistic Regression, Multilayer Perceptron, Naïve Bayes, mitundu iwiri ya Random Forest, Radial Basis Function Network, ndi Support Vector. Makina. Zikhumbo zazikulu ndi zosiyana za ma algorithms awa zafotokozedwa kwina [21] (onani Zowonjezera Zowonjezera). Izi zidasankhidwa chifukwa zimayimira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ophunzira komanso chifukwa tawonetsa kupambana pozigwiritsa ntchito pakuwunika kwam'mbuyomu pa data yofananira. Zokonda za Hyper-parameter zidasankhidwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku wathu wam'mbuyomu zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti ndizolimba pamitundu yosiyanasiyana [22]. Kutengera zotsatira za kusanthula kwathu koyambirira pogwiritsa ntchito deta yophatikizika yomwe ili ndi zida zofananira zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pake pakuwunika kwathunthu, tazindikira ophunzira atatu omwe amapereka magwiridwe antchito amphamvu m'magulu onse: Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, ndi Support Vector Machine.

Kutsimikizika kwapang'onopang'ono ndi metric magwiridwe antchito

Pazinthu zonse zolosera zam'tsogolo (kuphatikiza kusanthula koyambirira), mtundu uliwonse udamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kutsimikizika kwamitundu 10, ndipo magwiridwe antchito adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC). Kutsimikizika kwapamtanda kunayamba ndikugawanitsa mwachisawawa chilichonse cha 10 madongosolo opangira ma data mu magawo 10 ofanana (mapindika), pogwiritsa ntchito magawo asanu ndi anayi awa kuti aphunzitse chitsanzocho ndi gawo lotsala loyesa. Njirayi idabwerezedwa ka 10, pogwiritsa ntchito gawo losiyana monga mayeso omwe amayikidwa pakubwereza kulikonse. Zotsatirazo zidaphatikizidwa kuti ziwerengere zotsatira zachitsanzo chomaliza/machitidwe ake. Kwa wophunzira aliyense / kuphatikiza kwa dataset, njira yonseyi idabwerezedwa ka 10 pomwe deta imagawidwa mosiyana nthawi iliyonse. Gawo lomalizali lidachepetsa kukondera, kuwonetsetsa kusinthika, ndikuthandiza kudziwa momwe fanizo likuyendera. Pazonse (zachiwerengero cha MoCA ndi madongosolo ozindikiritsa kuopsa kophatikizana), mitundu 6,600 idamangidwa. Izi zinaphatikizapo mitundu 1,800 yosasefedwa (machitidwe 6 ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa dataset×3 ophunzira×10 amathamanga×10 folds = 1,800 zitsanzo) ndi 4,800 zosefedwa (machitsanzo 4 ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa dataset×3 ophunzira×4 njira kusankha mbali×10 amathamanga× 10 pinda = 4,800 zitsanzo).

Kusankha kwamachitidwe

Kwa zitsanzo zosefedwa, kusankhidwa kwa mawonekedwe (pogwiritsa ntchito njira zinayi zoyang'anira mawonekedwe) kunkachitika mkati mwa zotsimikizira. Pamikukutu iliyonse ya 10, monga 10% yosiyana ya dataset inali data yoyeserera, zida zinayi zokha zosankhidwa pagulu lililonse la maphunziro (ie, mikungwi isanu ndi inayi, kapena 90% yotsala ya dataset yonse) idagwiritsidwa ntchito. kupanga zitsanzo. Sitinathe kutsimikizira kuti ndi zinthu zinayi ziti zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtundu uliwonse, popeza chidziwitsocho sichimasungidwa kapena kuperekedwa mkati mwa nsanja yomwe tidagwiritsa ntchito (Weka). Komabe, kutengera kusasinthika pakusankha kwathu koyambirira kwa zida zapamwamba pomwe owerengera adagwiritsidwa ntchito ku data yonse yophatikizika ndi kufanana kotsatira muzochita zachitsanzo, zinthu zomwezi (zaka, zaka zamaphunziro, MTx-% C, ndikutanthauza MTx-RT). ) ndizoyenera kuti ndizofala kwambiri zinayi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi kusankha kwazinthu mkati mwa njira zotsimikizira.

ZINTHU

Makhalidwe a manambala otenga nawo mbali (kuphatikiza ziwerengero za MoCA ndi MemTrax performance metrics) a dataset panjira iliyonse yamagulu atsanzo kulosera thanzi lachidziwitso lowonetsedwa ndi MoCA (yabwinobwino motsutsana ndi MCI) ndi kuopsa kwa matenda (kuchepa ndi kukhwima) akuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 3.

Gulu 3

Makhalidwe a otenga nawo mbali, zigoli za MoCA, ndi magwiridwe antchito a MemTrax panjira iliyonse yamagulu amitundu

Classification StrategyAgeEducationMoCA AdasinthidwaMoCA OsasinthikaMTx-% CChithunzi cha MTx-RT
Gawo la MoCA61.9 y (13.1)9.6 y (4.6)19.2 (6.5)18.4 (6.7)74.8% (15.0)1.4mphindi (0.3)
Kuzindikira Kuvuta65.6 y (12.1)8.6 y (4.4)16.7 (6.2)15.8 (6.3)68.3% (13.8)1.5mphindi (0.3)

Miyezo yowonetsedwa (kutanthauza, SD) yosiyanitsidwa ndi njira zopangira ma modeling ndikuyimira deta yophatikizidwa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulosera thanzi lachidziwitso la MoCA (MCI motsutsana ndi zachilendo) ndi gawo laling'ono la XL lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kulosera kuopsa kwa matenda (kuchepa ndi kukhwima).

Pakuphatikiza kulikonse kwa mphambu ya MoCA (yosinthidwa / yosasinthidwa) ndi poyambira (26/23), panali kusiyana kwa ziwerengero (p = 0.000) mu kufananitsa kulikonse (umoyo wodziwika bwino motsutsana ndi MCI) wazaka, maphunziro, ndi magwiridwe antchito a MemTrax (MTx-% C ndi MTx-RT). Gawo laling'ono la wodwala aliyense m'kalasi la MCI la kuphatikiza kulikonse linali pafupifupi zaka 9 mpaka 15, linanena za zaka zochepera zisanu zamaphunziro, ndipo anali ndi magwiridwe antchito ochepa a MemTrax pama metric onse awiri.

Zotsatira zolosera zam'magulu a MoCA pogwiritsa ntchito ophunzira atatu apamwamba, Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, ndi Support Vector Machine, zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 4. Atatuwa adasankhidwa potengera momwe ophunzira amachitira bwino kwambiri m'mitundu yonse yosiyanasiyana. amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku ma dataset a ziwembu zonse zachitsanzo. Pazosankha zosasefedwa, chilichonse mwazinthu zomwe zili mu Gulu 4 zikuwonetsa magwiridwe antchito potengera njira ya AUC yochokera kumitundu 100 (10 runs×10 folds) yomwe imapangidwira wophunzira aliyense wophunzira wochita bwino wosonyezedwa m’zilembo zakuda. Pomwe pamasefedwe a dataset, zotsatira zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Gulu 4 zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa machitidwe amitundu yonse kuchokera kumitundu 400 kwa wophunzira aliyense pogwiritsa ntchito njira iliyonse yakusanja (njira 4 za kusanja × 10 runs× folds 10).

Gulu 4

Dichotomous MoCA classification performance performance (AUC; 0.0–1.0) zotsatira za ophunzira atatu omwe achita bwino kwambiri pamachitidwe onse otengera

Seti Yogwiritsidwa NtchitoZotsatira za MoCACutoff ThresholdKukonzanso ZinthuNaive BayesMakina Othandizira Vector
Zosasefedwa (10 mbali)Zosinthidwa230.88620.89130.8695
260.89710.92210.9161
Osasintha230.91030.90850.8995
260.88340.91530.8994
Zosefedwa (4 mbali)Zosinthidwa230.89290.89540.8948
260.91880.92470.9201
Osasintha230.91350.91340.9122
260.91590.92360.9177

Pogwiritsa ntchito kusiyanasiyana kwa seti, mphambu ya MoCA, ndi malire a MoCA, magwiridwe antchito apamwamba pachitsanzo chilichonse akuwonetsedwa molimba mtima (osati zosiyana kwenikweni ndi ena onse omwe sanalowemo molimba mtima kwa chitsanzo chotsatira).

Poyerekeza ophunzira m'mitundu yonse yophatikizika ya MoCA ndi malire (osinthidwa / osasinthidwa ndi 23/26, motsatana) mu dataset yosakanizidwa (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu 10), Naïve Bayes nthawi zambiri ndiye anali wophunzira wochita bwino kwambiri. Gawo la 0.9093. Poganizira za ophunzira atatu apamwamba, mayeso ogwirizana ndi Bayesian adawonetsa kuti kuthekera (Pr) ya Naïve Bayes yopambana Logistic Regression inali 99.9%. Kuphatikiza apo, pakati pa Naïve Bayes ndi Support Vector Machine, mwayi wa 21.0% wofanana pakuchita kwa ophunzira (chotero, mwayi wa 79.0% wa Naïve Bayes wopambana Support Vector Machine), kuphatikizidwa ndi kuthekera kwa 0.0% kwa Support Vector Machine kuchita bwino, moyenerera imalimbitsa mwayi wogwira ntchito ku Naïve Bayes. Kuyerekezanso kwa mtundu wa MoCA kwa ophunzira onse / ziwongola dzanja kunapereka mwayi wochita bwino pogwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero za MoCA zosasinthidwa (0.9027 motsutsana ndi 0.8971, motsatana; Pr (zosasinthika> zosinthidwa) = 0.988). Momwemonso, kuyerekeza kwa ophunzira onse ndi mitundu ya ma MoCA kunawonetsa mwayi wocheperako pogwiritsa ntchito 26 monga gawo la magawo 23 (0.9056 motsutsana ndi 0.8942, motsatana; Pr (26> 23) = 0.999). Pomaliza, kuyang'ana momwe mitundu ikuyendera pogwiritsa ntchito zotsatira zosefedwa (ie, zomwe zili pamwamba pazigawo zinayi zokha), Naïve Bayes (0.9143) anali wophunzira wochita bwino kwambiri pamitundu yonse ya MoCA / zipata. Komabe, pamitundu yonse yaukadaulo wophatikizika, ophunzira onse ochita bwino kwambiri adachita chimodzimodzi. Mayeso osainidwa a Bayesian adawonetsa kuthekera kwa 100% kofanana pakati pa ophunzira osefedwa. Monga momwe zilili ndi deta yosasefedwa (pogwiritsa ntchito zonse 10 zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito), panalinso mwayi wochita bwino pamtundu wosasinthidwa wa chiwerengero cha MoCA (Pr (zosasinthika> zosinthidwa) = 1.000), komanso mwayi wosiyana womwewo pagawo la 26 (Pr (26> 23) = 1.000). Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, chiŵerengero cha ophunzira atatu apamwamba pamitundu yonse ya MoCA / zing'onozing'ono pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zinayi zapamwamba zokha zimaposa zomwe wophunzira aliyense azichita pa data yosasefedwa. Nzosadabwitsa kuti m'magulu amitundu yosefedwa (pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe anayi apamwamba) anali apamwamba kwambiri (0.9119) kuposa mitundu yosasefedwa (0.8999), mosasamala kanthu za mitundu yofananira yomwe idafananizidwa ndi mitundu yonseyi pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu 10 yodziwika bwino. Mawonekedwe. Panjira iliyonse yosankhidwa, panali kuthekera kwa 100% kwa mwayi wochita bwino kuposa mitundu yosasefedwa.

Ndi odwala omwe amaganiziridwa kuti ali ndi vuto lachidziwitso cha AD, kusiyana pakati pa gulu (MCI-AD motsutsana ndi AD) kwa zaka (p = 0.004), maphunziro (p = 0.028), mphambu ya MoCA yosinthidwa / yosasinthidwa (p = 0.000), ndi MTx-% C (p = 0.008) zinali zowerengera; pomwe kwa MTx-RT sikunali (p = 0.097. Ndi odwala omwe amaganiziridwa kuti ali ndi matenda a VaD, kusiyana pakati pa gulu (MCI-VaD motsutsana ndi VaD) kwa chiwerengero cha MoCA chosinthidwa / chosasinthidwa.p = 0.007) ndi MTx-% C (p = 0.026) ndi MTx-RT (p = 0.001) zinali zowerengera; kwa zaka (p = 0.511) ndi maphunziro (p = 0.157) panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamagulu.

Zotsatira zolosera zam'magulu azovuta za matenda pogwiritsa ntchito ophunzira atatu omwe adasankhidwa kale, Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, ndi Support Vector Machine, akuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 5. , ophunzira atatu omwe tidawazindikira kuti ndi omwe ali abwino kwambiri pachitsanzo chathu cham'mbuyomu adachita bwino kwambiri ndi njira zonse zatsopano zotsatsira. Poyerekeza ophunzira m'magulu onse ozindikira matenda (AD ndi VaD), panalibe kusiyana kosinthika pakati pa ophunzira a MCI-VaD motsutsana ndi VaD, ngakhale Makina Othandizira Vector nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Momwemonso, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ophunzira a MCI-AD motsutsana ndi gulu la AD, ngakhale Naïve Bayes (NB) anali ndi mwayi pang'ono wochita bwino kuposa Logistic Regression (LR) komanso kuchuluka kocheperako pa Support Vector Machine, yokhala ndi kuthekera kwa 61.4% ndi 41.7% motsatira. Pamaseti onse awiri, panali mwayi wogwira ntchito pa Support Vector Machine (SVM), yokhala ndi Pr (SVM> LR) = 0.819 ndi Pr (SVM> NB) = 0.934. Kuchita kwathu kwamagulu onse kwa ophunzira onse polosera kuopsa kwa matenda mu gawo laling'ono la XL kunali bwino m'gulu la VaD motsutsana ndi AD (Pr (VAD> AD) = 0.998).

Gulu 5

Dichotomous Clinical Dichotomous Severity classification performance (AUC; 0.0-1.0) zotsatira za ophunzira atatu omwe achita bwino kwambiri pamitundu yonse yotsatsira

Modelling SchemeKukonzanso ZinthuNaive BayesMakina Othandizira Vector
MCI-AD motsutsana ndi AD0.74650.78100.7443
MCI-VaD motsutsana ndi VaD0.80330.80440.8338

Kuchita kwakukulu kwachitsanzo chilichonse kumawonetsedwa molimba mtima (osati kusiyana kwenikweni ndi ena omwe sanalowemo molimba mtima).

KUKANGANANI

Kuzindikira koyambirira kwa kusintha kwa thanzi lachidziwitso ndikofunikira zothandiza pazaumoyo wamunthu komanso zaumoyo wa anthu. Zowonadi, ndizofunika kwambiri pazachipatala kwa odwala padziko lonse lapansi. Cholinga chogawana nawo ndikuchenjeza odwala, osamalira, ndi opereka chithandizo ndikufulumira chithandizo choyenera komanso chotsika mtengo komanso chisamaliro chotalikirapo kwa iwo omwe ayamba kuzindikira kuchepa kwa chidziwitso. Kuphatikizira magawo athu atatu azachipatala/chipatala, tazindikira ophunzira atatu omwe amawakonda kwambiri (omwe ali ndi chodziwika bwino -Naïve Bayes) kuti apange zitsanzo zolosera pogwiritsa ntchito MemTrax magwiridwe antchito omwe amatha kuyika bwino thanzi lachidziwitso dichotomously (thanzi labwino lachidziwitso kapena MCI) monga zingasonyezedwe ndi chiwerengero cha MoCA. Makamaka, magwiridwe antchito am'magulu onse a ophunzira atatu adayenda bwino pomwe zitsanzo zathu zidangogwiritsa ntchito zida zinayi zapamwamba zokha zomwe zimaphatikiza ma metric a MemTrax awa. Kuphatikiza apo, tidawulula kuthekera kokwanira kogwiritsa ntchito ophunzira omwewo ndi ma metric a MemTrax mu dongosolo lachitsanzo lothandizira kusiyanitsa kuopsa kwa magulu awiri a matenda a dementia: AD ndi VaD.

Kuyesa kukumbukira ndizofunikira pakuzindikira msanga kwa AD [23, 24]. Chifukwa chake, ndi mwayi kuti MemTrax ndiyovomerezeka, yosangalatsa komanso yosavuta kuyigwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti. kuyesa kwa episodic memory mwa anthu wamba [6]. Kuzindikira kulondola komanso nthawi zoyankhira kuchokera pakuchita kosalekeza kumeneku zikuwulula makamaka pakuzindikira kuwonongeka koyambirira komanso kosinthika komanso zofooka zotsatizana ndi njira zama neuroplastic zokhudzana ndi kuphunzira, kukumbukira, ndi kuzindikira. Ndiko kuti, zitsanzo pano zomwe zimachokera ku MemTrax zitsulo zogwira ntchito zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndipo zimakhala zosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo zimawulula zowonongeka za neuropathologic panthawi yachidziwitso cha asymptomatic pasanafike kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ntchito [25]. Ashford ndi al. adawunikiranso machitidwe ndi machitidwe a kukumbukira kukumbukira komanso nthawi yoyankha mwa ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti omwe adachita nawo okha ndi MemTrax [6]. Poona kuti magawowa ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zitsanzo zabwino komanso kukhazikitsa njira zothandizira odwala, kutanthauzira kuzindikirika kwachipatala komanso nthawi yoyankhira ndikofunikira pakukhazikitsa maziko ofunikira azachipatala ndi kafukufuku. Kufunika kothandiza kwa MemTrax pakuwunika kwa AD pakuwonongeka koyambirira kwachidziwitso ndi chithandizo chosiyana chazidziwitso kumafunika kuunikanso mozama pazochitika zachipatala pomwe ma comorbidities ndi kuzindikira, kumva, ndi mphamvu zamagalimoto zomwe zimakhudza momwe mayeso angagwiritsire ntchito. Ndipo kuti tidziwitse malingaliro a akatswiri ndikulimbikitsa zothandiza zachipatala, ndikofunikira kuwonetsa kufananiza ndi mayeso owunikira ozindikira thanzi, ngakhale omalizawo atha kutsatiridwa ndi kuyezetsa kovutirapo, maphunziro ndi zolepheretsa chilankhulo, komanso zikhalidwe [26] . Pachifukwa ichi, kufananitsa kwabwino kwa MemTrax pakugwira bwino ntchito kwachipatala ndi MoCA komwe kumadziwika kuti ndi muyezo wamakampani ndikofunikira, makamaka poyesa kumasuka komanso kuvomereza kwa MemTrax moleza mtima.

Kufufuza kwam'mbuyomu kuyerekeza MemTrax ndi MoCA kukuwonetsa zomveka komanso umboni woyamba wotsimikizira kufufuza kwathu kwachitsanzo [8]. Komabe, kufananitsa koyambiriraku kunangogwirizanitsa ma metrics awiri ofunikira a MemTrax omwe tidawapenda ndi chidziwitso monga momwe MoCA idakhazikitsira ndikutanthauzira milingo yotsatizana ndi ma cutoff. Tinakulitsa kuyesa kwachipatala kwa MemTrax pofufuza njira yowonetseratu yomwe ingapereke kulingalira kwapadera kwa magawo ena omwe angakhale ofunika kwa odwala. Mosiyana ndi ena, sitinapeze mwayi pamachitidwe achitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera kwamaphunziro (kusintha) ku mphambu ya MoCA kapena kusiyanitsa kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chaumoyo wa MoCA kuchokera pa 26 mpaka 23 [12, 15]. M'malo mwake, kupindula kwamagulu kumakomera kugwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa MoCA kosasinthika komanso malo apamwamba.

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu muzochita zachipatala

Kuphunzira pamakina nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino komanso kothandiza kwambiri pakulosera zam'tsogolo pamene deta ili yochuluka komanso yamitundumitundu, ndiye kuti, pakakhala zowonera zambiri komanso mawonekedwe amtengo wapatali (othandizira). Komabe, ndi deta yamakonoyi, zitsanzo zosefedwa zokhala ndi zina zinayi zokha zomwe zasankhidwa zinachita bwino kuposa zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zonse 10 zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti zipatala zathu zonse zachipatala sizinali zoyenera kwambiri (zamtengo wapatali) zomwe zimawayika bwino odwala motere. Komabe, gawo lomwe likugogomezera mayendedwe ofunikira a MemTrax-MTx-% C ndi MTx-RT-imathandizira kwambiri kupanga zitsanzo zowunikira zowunikira poyambira pa mayesowa omwe ndi osavuta, osavuta kuwongolera, otsika mtengo, komanso kuwulula moyenera pokhudzana ndi mayesowa. Memory performance, pakali pano ngati chophimba choyambirira cha gulu lachidziwitso chaumoyo. Chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira kwa opereka chithandizo ndi machitidwe azaumoyo, njira zowunikira odwala ndi ntchito zachipatala ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa moyenerera ndikugogomezera kusonkhanitsa, kutsatira, ndi kutsanzira mikhalidwe ya odwala ndi ma metric oyesa omwe ali othandiza kwambiri, opindulitsa, komanso otsimikiziridwa kuti ndi othandiza pakuzindikira. ndi chithandizo cha kasamalidwe ka odwala.

Ndi ma metrics awiri ofunikira a MemTrax omwe ali pakati pa gulu la MCI, wophunzira wathu wochita bwino kwambiri (Naïve Bayes) anali ndi zolosera zam'tsogolo kwambiri m'mitundu yambiri (AUC yoposa 0.90) yokhala ndi chiŵerengero chowona chabodza chabodza chomwe chikuyandikira kapena kupitirira 4. : 1. Ntchito yomasulira yomasulira pogwiritsa ntchito wophunzirayo ingagwire (kuyika m'magulu moyenera) ambiri mwa omwe ali ndi vuto la chidziwitso, pamene kuchepetsa mtengo wokhudzana ndi kuyika molakwika munthu yemwe ali ndi thanzi labwino lachidziwitso kuti ali ndi vuto la chidziwitso (zabodza) kapena kuphonya gululo mwa iwo omwe ali ndi vuto lozindikira (zolakwika zabodza). Chilichonse mwazochitika izi zakusakhazikika bwino chikhoza kubweretsa mtolo wosayenera wamaganizidwe kwa wodwala ndi osamalira.

Pamene mu kusanthula koyambirira ndi kokwanira tinagwiritsa ntchito ophunzira khumi mu ndondomeko iliyonse yachitsanzo, tinayang'ana zotsatira zathu pamagulu atatu omwe akuwonetsa machitidwe amphamvu kwambiri. Izi zinalinso zowunikira, kutengera deta iyi, ophunzira omwe akuyembekezeka kuchita modalirika pamlingo wapamwamba pakugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwachipatala pakuzindikira gulu lachidziwitso. Komanso, chifukwa phunziroli lidapangidwa ngati kafukufuku woyambira pakugwiritsa ntchito makina ophunzirira pakuwunika mwachidziwitso komanso zovuta zachipatala zapanthawi yake, tinapanga chisankho kuti njira zophunzirira zikhale zosavuta komanso zokhazikika, ndikuwongolera pang'ono. Tikuyamikira kuti njira iyi ikhoza kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa luso lodziwiratu lodziwika bwino la odwala. Momwemonso, pamene kuphunzitsa zitsanzozo pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe apamwamba okha (njira yosefedwa) kumatidziwitsanso zambiri za detayi (zokhudzana ndi zolakwika zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa ndikuwonetseratu kufunika kokwaniritsa nthawi yachipatala yamtengo wapatali ndi zothandizira), timazindikira kuti nthawi isanakwane kukula kwa zitsanzo ndi, choncho, zonse (ndi zina) ziyenera kuganiziridwa ndi kafukufuku wamtsogolo mpaka titakhala ndi mbiri yowonjezereka ya zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa anthu ambiri. Chifukwa chake, timazindikiranso kuti chidziwitso chophatikizika komanso choyimira bwino komanso kukhathamiritsa kwa zitsanzozi ndi zina zingakhale zofunikira tisanaziphatikize muzachipatala chogwira ntchito, makamaka kuti tigwirizane ndi zovuta zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito amalingaliro omwe angafunikire kuganiziridwa pakuwunikanso kwachipatala.

Utility of MemTrax idalimbikitsidwanso ndi kutengera kuopsa kwa matenda kutengera matenda osiyanasiyana. Kuchita bwino kwamagulu onse pakulosera kuopsa kwa VaD (poyerekeza ndi AD) sikunali zodabwitsa chifukwa cha mbiri ya wodwalayo mu zitsanzo zenizeni za thanzi la mitsempha ndi chiopsezo cha sitiroko, mwachitsanzo, matenda oopsa, hyperlipidemia, shuga, ndi (ndithudi) mbiri ya sitiroko. Ngakhale kuti zikanakhala zokhutiritsa komanso zoyenera kuti kuyezetsa kofananako kwachipatala kuchitidwe kwa odwala omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino lachidziwitso kuti aphunzitse ophunzira ndi deta yophatikizapo izi. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka, chifukwa MemTrax imayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pozindikira kusazindikira kwachidziwitso ndikutsata kusintha kwamunthu. Zikuwonekeranso kuti kugawa kofunikira kwa data mu dataset ya VaD kunathandizira pang'ono pakuchita bwino kofananirako. Deta ya VaD inali yokwanira bwino pakati pa magulu awiriwa, pomwe data ya AD yokhala ndi odwala ochepa a MCI sinali. Makamaka m'ma dataset ang'onoang'ono, ngakhale zina zowonjezera zimatha kupanga kusiyana koyezera. Malingaliro onsewa ndi mikangano yomveka yomwe imayambitsa kusiyana kwa kuopsa kwachitsanzo kwa matenda. Komabe, kunena molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito amawerengero amtundu wa data kapena zomwe zidachitika pazachipatala zomwe zikukambidwa zimachitika nthawi isanakwane. Komabe, bukuli likuwonetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mtundu wolosera wa MemTrax mu gawo la chithandizo chachipatala chimapereka malingaliro ofunikira ndikutsimikizira kufunafuna kuwunika kowonjezera ndi odwala pakupitiliza kwa MCI.

Kukhazikitsa ndikuwonetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa MemTrax ndi mitundu iyi ku China, komwe chilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zigawo zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (mwachitsanzo, France, Netherlands, ndi United States) [7, 8, 27], zikutsimikiziranso zomwe zingatheke. kuvomerezedwa padziko lonse lapansi komanso kufunika kwachipatala kwa nsanja yochokera ku MemTrax. Ichi ndi chitsanzo chowonetseredwa poyesetsa kugwirizanitsa deta ndikukhazikitsa zikhalidwe zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zitsanzo zowunikira mwachidziwitso zomwe zimakhazikika komanso kusinthidwa mosavuta kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.

Masitepe otsatira pakuchepetsa kwachidziwitso ndikugwiritsa ntchito

Kusokonekera kwachidziwitso mu AD kumachitika mosalekeza, osati pamagawo kapena masitepe [28, 29]. Komabe, panthawiyi, cholinga chathu chinali choyamba kukhazikitsa luso lathu lopanga chitsanzo chophatikiza MemTrax chomwe chingathe kusiyanitsa "zabwinobwino" ndi "zachilendo". Zambiri zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso (mwachitsanzo, kujambula muubongo, ma genetic, zozindikiritsa zachilengedwe, zofananira, ndi zolembera zovuta ntchito zomwe zimafuna chidziwitso control) [30] kudutsa zigawo zosiyanasiyana zapadziko lonse lapansi, anthu, ndi magulu azaka kuti aphunzitse ndikukula motsogola (kuphatikiza zolemetsa moyenerera) makina ophunzirira makina azithandizira kuchuluka kwamagulu owonjezereka, ndiko kuti, kuthekera kugawa magulu a odwala MCI kukhala magawo ang'onoang'ono komanso otsimikizika kwambiri motsatira kutsika kwa chidziwitso. Kuphatikiza apo, kuzindikirika kwakanthawi kwachipatala kwa anthu pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za odwala ndikofunikira bwino kuphunzitsa mitundu iyi yophatikizika kwambiri komanso yodalirika kwambiri. Izi zithandizira kasamalidwe kamilandu kokhazikika kwa iwo omwe ali ndi mbiri yofananira, zikoka, komanso mbiri yodziwika bwino yachidziwitso motero kukhathamiritsa chithandizo chamankhwala ndi chisamaliro cha odwala.

Zambiri mwazofukufuku zachipatala zoyenerera mpaka pano zalankhula ndi odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo lochepa; ndipo, pochita, nthawi zambiri kulowererapo kwa odwala kumangoyesedwa pazigawo zapamwamba. Komabe, chifukwa kuchepa kwachidziwitso kumayamba bwino zisanakwaniritsidwe zofunikira zachipatala za dementia, chophimba choyambirira chochokera ku MemTrax chingalimbikitse maphunziro oyenerera a anthu za matendawa ndi momwe amapitira patsogolo komanso kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu komanso munthawi yake. Chifukwa chake, kuzindikira koyambirira kumatha kuthandizira kuchitapo kanthu koyenera kuyambira pakuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, zakudya, kuthandizira m'malingaliro, komanso kucheza bwino ndi anthu mpaka kuchitapo kanthu pazamankhwala ndikulimbikitsa kusintha kwamakhalidwe ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi odwala kuti payekhapayekha kapena palimodzi amatha kuchepetsa kapena kuyimitsa kupitirira kwa dementia [31, 32] . Komanso, ndi ogwira kuyang'ana koyambirira, anthu ndi mabanja awo akhoza kulangizidwa kuti aganizire mayesero a zachipatala kapena kupeza uphungu ndi chithandizo china cha chithandizo cha anthu kuti athandize kufotokozera zoyembekeza ndi zolinga ndikuyendetsa ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku. Kutsimikizira kwina komanso kufalikira kwazinthu zothandiza m'njira izi zitha kuthandiza kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa kupita patsogolo kwa MCI, AD, ndi ADRD kwa anthu ambiri.

Zowonadi, kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa zaka za odwala mu phunziro lathu sikuyimira kuchuluka kwa chikhalidwe cha AD. Ngakhale zili choncho, zaka zapakati pa gulu lililonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu otsatirira potengera kuchuluka kwa MoCA / malire ndi kuopsa kwa matenda (Table 3) zimatsimikizira kuti ambiri (opitilira 80%) amakhala osachepera zaka 50. Kugawa uku ndikoyenera kwambiri kuphatikizika, kuthandizira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mitundu iyi mwa anthu omwe amawonetsa omwe amakhudzidwa kuyambira koyambirira ndi matenda owopsa a neurocognitive chifukwa cha AD ndi VaD. Komanso, umboni waposachedwa komanso malingaliro akugogomezera zinthu zomwe zimadziwika (mwachitsanzo, kuthamanga kwa magazi, kunenepa kwambiri, matenda a shuga, ndi kusuta) zomwe zingayambitse kukula msanga. ziwopsezo zam'mitsempha ya akulu ndi apakati komanso kuvulala kosadziwika bwino muubongo komwe kumachitika mobisa ndikuwonetsa ngakhale achichepere. akuluakulu [33-35]. Chifukwa chake, njira yabwino kwambiri yowunikira yowunikira kuti muzindikire msanga kuperewera kwa chidziwitso cha siteji ndikuyambitsa njira zopewera komanso njira zothandizira kuthana ndi dementia zidzatuluka pofufuza zinthu zomwe zimathandizira ndi zizindikiro zoyambira m'zaka zonse, kuphatikizapo ukalamba komanso ubwana (kuzindikira kufunikira kwa zinthu monga apolipoprotein E kuyambira ali mwana).

M'malo mwake, kuwunika kovomerezeka kwachipatala komanso njira zotsika mtengo zowonera zapamwamba, mbiri yamtundu, komanso kuyeza zotsimikizira zamoyo sizipezeka mosavuta kapena zotheka kwa ambiri opereka chithandizo. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri, kagayidwe koyambira kaumoyo kaumoyo kamayenera kutengedwa kuchokera ku zitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina zosavuta zoperekedwa ndi wodwala (mwachitsanzo, kudziwonetsa yekha). mavuto a kukumbukira, mankhwala amakono, ndi zolepheretsa zochitika zachizoloŵezi) ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amakumana nazo [7]. Registries monga University of California Brain Health Registry (https://www.brainhealthregistry.org/) [27] ndi ena omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chochuluka cha zizindikiro zodziwonetsera okha, machitidwe abwino (monga kugona ndi kuzindikira tsiku ndi tsiku), mankhwala, thanzi, mbiri, ndi tsatanetsatane wa chiwerengero cha anthu chidzakhala chothandizira pakupanga ndi kutsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zachikale kwambiri mu chipatala. Kupitilira apo, mayeso monga MemTrax, omwe awonetsa zothandiza pakuwunika kukumbukira ntchito, atha kupereka kuyerekeza kwabwinoko kwa matenda a AD kuposa zolembera zamoyo. Poganizira kuti mbali yayikulu ya AD pathology ndikusokonekera kwa neuroplasticity komanso kutayika kovutirapo kwa ma synapses, komwe kumawonekera ngati episodic. Kulephera kukumbukira, muyeso womwe umayesa kukumbukira kwa episodic mwina perekani kuyerekezera kwabwinoko kwa AD pathological kulemedwa kuposa zolembera zamoyo mwa wodwala wamoyo [36].

Ndi zitsanzo zonse zolosera—kaya zikuphatikizidwa ndi zidziwitso zovuta komanso zophatikizika kuchokera kuukadaulo wamakono komanso chidziwitso chachipatala chodziwikiratu m'magawo angapo kapena zongoyerekeza ndi chidziwitso chofunikira komanso chopezeka mosavuta cha mbiri yakale ya odwala-ubwino wodziwika wa luntha lochita kupanga. ndi kuphunzira pamakina ndikuti zitsanzo zomwe zimatsatira zimatha kupanga komanso "kuphunzira" kuchokera ku data yatsopano yoyenera ndi momwe amawonera zomwe zimaperekedwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse. Kutsatira kusamutsidwa kwaukadaulo wothandiza, monga momwe zitsanzo pano (ndipo ziyenera kupangidwa) zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndikulemeretsedwa ndi milandu yambiri komanso zofunikira (kuphatikiza odwala omwe ali ndi comorbidities omwe atha kuwonetsa kuchepa kwachidziwitso), ntchito zolosera komanso gulu lazidziwitso laumoyo lidzakhala lolimba kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chithandizo chamankhwala chothandiza kwambiri. Kusinthaku kudzachitika mokwanira komanso momveka bwino ndikuyika MemTrax muzochita (zoyang'anira zomwe zilipo) nsanja zomwe opereka chithandizo chamankhwala atha kugwiritsa ntchito munthawi yeniyeni kuchipatala.

Zofunikira pakutsimikizika ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mtundu wa MemTrax pa chithandizo cha matenda ndi chisamaliro cha odwala ndizofunika kwambiri kwanthawi yayitali. Mwa kuyang'ana ndi kulemba zosinthika zosinthika (ngati zilipo) m'zochitika zachipatala pamtundu wokwanira wachibadwa kupyolera mu MCI yoyambirira, zitsanzo zowunikira moyenera ndi kugawikana zikhoza kuphunzitsidwa ndi kusinthidwa pamene odwala akukalamba ndikuchiritsidwa. Ndiko kuti, kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kungathandize pakutsata kwanthawi yayitali kwakusintha pang'ono kwachidziwitso, kuchita bwino pakuchitapo kanthu, ndikusunga chisamaliro chodziwika bwino. Njirayi ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi zochitika zachipatala komanso kasamalidwe ka odwala ndi milandu.

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Timayamikira zovuta ndi kufunika kosonkhanitsa deta yoyera yachipatala m'chipatala/chipatala cholamulidwa. Ngakhale zili choncho, zikanatilimbikitsa kutengera chitsanzo chathu ngati ma datasets adaphatikiza odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Kuphatikiza apo, makamaka pamachitidwe athu ozindikira matenda, zikadakhala zofunikira komanso zoyenera kuti kuyezetsa kofananako kwachipatala kuchitidwe kwa odwala omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino lachidziwitso kuti aphunzitse ophunzirawo. Ndipo monga kuwonetseredwa ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba pogwiritsa ntchito zosefera (zinayi zapamwamba zokha), zambiri komanso Njira zozindikirira zaumoyo/zizindikiro zikadakhala bwino kuwonetsa magwiridwe antchito ndi kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zimafanana kwa odwala onse.

Ena mwa otenga nawo mbali atha kukhala nthawi imodzi ndi matenda ena omwe angayambitse kusazindikira kwakanthawi kapena kosatha. Kupatulapo gawo laling'ono la XL pomwe odwalawo adadziwika kuti ali ndi AD kapena VaD, zidziwitso za comorbidity sizinasonkhanitsidwe / kufotokozedwa mu dziwe la odwala a YH, ndipo zomwe zidanenedwapo kale mu KM sub-dataset zinali shuga. Ndizokayikitsa, komabe, kuti kuphatikiza odwala mumayendedwe athu okhala ndi comorbidities zomwe zingapangitse kapena kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa kuperewera kwa chidziwitso ndipo zotsatira zake kutsika kwa MemTrax kudzakhala kuyimira kwambiri chiwerengero cha odwala omwe akuyembekezeredwa padziko lonse lapansi pakuwunika koyambirira kwachidziwitso. ndi njira yowonetsera. Kupitilira patsogolo, kuzindikira kolondola kwa ma comorbidities omwe angakhudze magwiridwe antchito am'maganizo ndikopindulitsa kwambiri pakukhathamiritsa zitsanzo ndikugwiritsa ntchito chisamaliro cha odwala.

Potsirizira pake, odwala a YH ndi KM a sub-dataset adagwiritsa ntchito foni yamakono kuti ayese mayeso a MemTrax, pamene odwala ochepa a XL adagwiritsa ntchito iPad ndipo ena onse amagwiritsa ntchito foni yamakono. Izi zikanayambitsa kusiyana kwakung'ono kokhudzana ndi chipangizo pakuchita kwa MemTrax pamachitidwe amtundu wa MoCA. Komabe, kusiyana (ngati kulipo) mu MTx-RT, mwachitsanzo, pakati pa zida kungakhale kocheperako, makamaka ngati wophunzira aliyense apatsidwa mayeso a "mchitidwe" asanayambe ntchito yojambulidwa. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito zida ziwirizi zapamanjazi zitha kusokoneza kufananitsa ndi/kapena kuphatikizika ndi zotsatira zina za MemTrax pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amayankha kubwereza zithunzi pokhudza danga pa kiyibodi ya pakompyuta.

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu pa MemTrax predictive modeling utility

  • • Zolosera zathu zotsogola kwambiri zophatikiza ma metrics osankhidwa a MemTrax zitha kuyika bwino thanzi lachidziwitso (zaumoyo wabwinobwino kapena MCI) monga zingasonyezedwe ndi mayeso odziwika bwino a MoCA.
  • • Zotsatirazi zimathandizira kuphatikizika kwa ma metrics osankhidwa a MemTrax kukhala gulu lodziwikiratu lachitsanzo cha kusokonezeka kwa kuzindikira koyambirira.
  • • Kapangidwe kathu kagulu kakuwonetsanso kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito magwiridwe antchito a MemTrax pozindikira kuopsa kwa matenda a dementia.

Zomwe zapezedwazi zimakhazikitsa umboni wotsimikizika wotsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito makina ophunzirira pakupanga mitundu yolimba yochokera ku MemTrax kuti athandizire pakuwongolera bwino milandu yachipatala komanso chisamaliro cha odwala kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kuzindikira.

ZIZINDIKIRO

Timazindikira ntchito ya J. Wesson Ashford, Curtis B. Ashford, ndi ogwira nawo ntchito popanga ndi kutsimikizira ntchito yodziwika yodziwika bwino pa intaneti (MemTrax) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pano ndipo tikuthokoza odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi vuto la dementia omwe adathandizira pakufufuza koyambira kofunikira. . Tikuthokozanso Xianbo Zhou ndi ogwira nawo ntchito ku SJN Biomed LTD, ogwira nawo ntchito ndi ogwira nawo ntchito pazipatala / malo achipatala, makamaka Dr. M. Luo ndi M. Zhong, omwe adathandizira kulemba anthu omwe atenga nawo gawo, kukonzekera mayeso, ndi kusonkhanitsa, kujambula, ndi kuyang'anira zotsogola, komanso odzipereka omwe adapereka nthawi yawo yamtengo wapatali ndikudzipereka kuti ayese mayeso ndikupereka. deta yamtengo wapatali kuti tiyese mu kafukufukuyu. Izi Kafukufukuyu adathandizidwa ndi MD Scientific Research Pulogalamu ya Kunming Medical University (Grant no. 2017BS028 to XL) ndi Research Program ya Yunnan Science and Technology Department (Grant no. 2019FE001 (-222) to XL).

J. Wesson Ashford apereka chikalata chovomerezeka kuti agwiritse ntchito paradigm yodziwika mosalekeza yomwe yalongosoledwa mu pepala ili kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito. kuyesa kukumbukira.

MemTrax, LLC ndi kampani ya Curtis Ashford, ndipo kampaniyi ikuyang'anira kuyesa kukumbukira ndondomeko yafotokozedwa mu pepala ili.

Zowulula za olemba zilipo pa intaneti (https://www.j-alz.com/manuscript-disclosures/19-1340r2).

Memory test Dementia test Memory Imemory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Test Ram Yesani Zakudya Zam'maganizo Zosiyanasiyana Mabuku Ozindikira Paintaneti
Curtis Ashford - Cognitive Research Coordinator

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Zogwirizana: [a] SIVOTEC Analytics, Boca Raton, FL, USA | [b] Dipatimenti ya Computer and Electrical Engineering ndi Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA | [c] SJN Biomed LTD, Kunming, Yunnan, China | [d] Center for Kafukufuku wa Alzheimer's, Washington Institute of Clinical Research, Washington, DC, USA | [e] Dipatimenti Yokonzanso Mankhwala, Chipatala Choyambirira Chogwirizana cha Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China | [f] Dipatimenti ya Neurology, Chipatala cha Dehong People's, Dehong, Yunnan, China | [g] Dipatimenti ya Neurology, Chipatala Chothandizira Choyamba cha Kunming Medical University, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China | [h] Malo Ophunzirira Matenda Okhudzana ndi Nkhondo ndi Kuvulala, VA Palo Alto Care Health System, Palo Alto, CA, USA | [I] Dipatimenti ya Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Kulemberana makalata: [*] Kulemberana makalata ndi: Michael F. Bergeron, PhD, FACSM, SIVOTEC Analytics, Boca Raton Innovation Campus, 4800 T-Rex Avenue, Suite 315, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. Imelo: mirgeron@sivotecanalytics.com.; Xiaolei Liu, MD, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650032, China. Imelo: ring@vip.163.com.

Mawu ofunika: Kukalamba, matenda a Alzheimer, dementia, kuyezetsa anthu ambiri